TransGood-Translation memory software Trados, SDL, ForeignDesk, Wordfast, WordFisher, Déjà Vu (DVX), 译佳计算机辅助翻译软件, 雅信CAT TransGood, TransMemory, Translation Software Tools, Computer-assisted translation, computer-aided translation, CAT, machine-aided translation, Translation memory software, Terminology management software, Alignment software, Software localization tools, ?bersetzung Software, Logiciels de traduction, Software di traduzione, Traducción de Software, Mémoire de traduction, Tradu??o memória, Memoria de traducción, Memoria di traduzione, Перевод Software, ForeignDesk, Okapi Framework, OmegaT, Transolution, AidTransStudio, Cafetran, Déjà Vu (DVX), Heartsome Translation Suite, MemoQ, MetaTexis, Rainbow, SDLX, SDL, STAR Transit, Trados, SDL Trados, Wordfast, WordFisher, Similis, Open Language Tools, 翻訳ソフトウェア, 翻訳メモリ, 翻译软件 辅助翻译软件 计算机辅助翻译软件 人工智能翻译 翻译工具 专业翻译软件 翻译记忆软件 塔多思 Trados SDL WordFast 雅信CAT 翻译公司 牛津词典 Oxford Dictionary room v. [Ipr] (US) occupy a room or rooms in sb else's house; lodge 2(2) （在别人家中）占一间或 一套房间; 租住; 寄宿: He's rooming with my friend Alan. 他住在我的朋友艾伦家里. -roomed ( forming compound adjs 用以构成复合形容词) having the stated number of rooms 有所 示数目的房间的: a ten-roomed house 有十个房间的一所房子. roomer n. (US) person who rooms; lodger （在别人家中住的）房客; 寄宿者. roomful / -fUl; -9fJl/ n amount or number a room will hold 一室所能容纳的数量: a whole roomful of antiques 满室的古董. roomy adj. (-ier, -iest) (approv 褒) having plenty of space to contain things or people 宽敞的: a surprisingly roomy car 极其宽敞的汽车. roominess n. [U]. rooming-house n. (US) building where furnished rooms can be rented 连家具出租的公寓. room-mate n. person living in the same room or set of rooms as another, eg in a college or lodgings 同住一室的人（如学校或寄宿舍中的）. room service ( those who provide) service of food, etc to a guest in his hotel room （旅馆的）送食 物到客房的服务（人员）: Call room service and ask for some coffee. 叫客房服务员送些咖啡来. roost / ru:st; rust/ n 1 place where birds perch or settle for sleep 禽鸟栖息处: One of the main starling roosts is on top of the Town Hall. 市政厅的房顶是欧椋鸟的一个主要栖息处. 2 (idm 习 语) come home to roost => home3. rule the roost => rule v. roost v. [I, Ipr] (of birds) settle for sleep; perch （指鸟）栖息. rooster / 5ru:stE(r); `rustL/ n (esp US) = cock1 1. root / ru:t; rut/ n 1 [C] part of a plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil （植物的）根（部）: a plant with very long roots 根部很长的植物* pull a plant up by the roots 把一植物连根拔起. 2 roots [pl] family ties, feelings, etc that attach a person emotionally and culturally to the society or community where he grew up and/or lives or where his ancestors lived （家 族的）根: Many Americans have roots in Europe. 许多美国人祖籍在欧洲. * She has no real roots in this area. 她原籍不在这儿. 3 [C] part of a hair, tooth, nail or tongue that attaches it to the rest of the body （毛发、牙齿、指甲或舌头的）根部: pull hair out by (ie complete with) the roots 把头发 连根拔掉. 4 [C esp sing 尤作单数] (fig 比喻) source or basis 根源; 根基; 根本; 基础: The root of the problem is lack of trust. 产生这问题的根源在于缺乏信任. * Money is often said to be the root of all evil. 金钱常常说成是万恶之源. 5 [C] (also base form) (grammar) form of a word on which its other forms are said to be based 词根: `Walk' is the root of `walks', `walked', `walking' and `walker'. walk 是 walks 、 walked 、 walking 、 walker 的词根. 6 [C] (mathematics 数) quantity which, when multiplied by itself a certain number of times, produces another quantity 方根; 根: 4 is the square root of 16 (4 x 4 = 16), the cube root of 64 (4 x 4 x 4 = 64) and the fourth root of 256 (4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256). 4 是16 的平方根、是64 的立方根、是256 的四次方根. =>App 4 见附录4. 7 (idm 习语) get at/get to/strike at the `root(s) of sth discover the source of sth (usu problematic or unpleasant) and tackle it there 找到某事物（通常指棘手的或讨厌的事物）的根源并加以解决. pull up one's roots => pull2. put down (new) `roots establish oneself in a place to which one has moved 在新的地 方立足. ,root and `branch thorough(ly); complete(ly) 彻底（的）; 完全（的）: destroy an organization root and branch 彻底摧毁一个组织 * [attrib 作定语] root-and-branch reforms 全面的改革. the root cause (of sth) the fundamental cause 根本原因: He argues that one of the root causes of crime is poverty. 他认为犯罪的一个根本原因是贫穷. take/strike root (a) (of a plant) send down a root or roots （指植物）生根, 扎根. (b) (fig 比喻) become established 建立; 确立: a country where democracy has never really taken root 从未真正建立起民主制度的国家. rootless adj. having no root or roots 无根的; 无根基的: a rootless wandering life 飘泊无依的生 活. rootlessness n. [U]. root beer ( esp US) non-alcoholic drink flavoured with the roots of various plants 根汁饮料（用植物 根茎调味的不含酒精的饮料）. root-crop n. crop grown for its edible roots, eg turnips, carrots, etc 根用作物, 块根植物（如萝卜 等）. root vegetable edible root eaten as a vegetable, eg a turnip, carrot, etc 块根蔬菜（如萝卜等）. root / ru:t; rut/ v 1 (a) [I, Ipr] (of a plant) send down roots and begin to grow （指植物）生根成长: This type of plant roots easily. 这种植物容易生根成长. (b) [Tn, Tn.pr] plant (sth) 种植（某物）: Root the cuttings in peat. 把插枝扦插泥炭中. 2 [Tn.pr esp passive 尤用于被动语态] cause (sb) to stand fixed and unmoving 使（某人）站立不动: be/stand rooted to the spot/ground 站在那里不动 * Fear rooted him to the spot. 他吓得呆若木鸡.3 [usu passive 通常用于被动语态: Tn, Tn.pr] establish (sth) deeply and firmly 使（某事物）深深扎根; 牢固地树立（某事物）: a story firmly rooted in reality 深深扎根于现实中的小说* Her affection for him is deeply rooted. 她对他矢志不渝. * He has a rooted objection to cold baths. 他一向反对冷水浴. 4 (phr v) root sth out destroy sthcompletely 根除某事物: determined to root out corruption 决心根除腐败现象. root sth up dig or pull up (a plant, etc) with the roots 将（植物等）连根挖出或拔起. root / ru:t; rut/ v (phr v) root about/around (for sth) (a) (of pigs) turn up the ground with the snout in search of food （指猪）用鼻拱土觅食: rooting for acorns 用鼻拱土寻觅橡实. (b) (of people) turn things over when searching, esp in an untidy way （指人）翻寻, （尤指）乱翻: What are you doing rooting around in my desk? 你在我的书桌里乱翻什麽呀? root for sb/sth (no passive 不用于被动语 态) (infml 口) cheer for sb/sth; support sb/sth wholeheartedly 给某人[某事物]打气; 全力支持某人 [某事物]: We're rooting for the college baseball team. 我们在给学院的棒球队加油. * We're all rooting for you good luck with your job interview! 我们全都支持你--祝你求职面试成功! root sth out (infml 口) find sth after hard searching 终于找到某物: I managed to root out a copy of the document. 我好不容易才找到了文件的副本. rope / rEUp; rop/ n 1 [C, U] (length of) thick cord or wire made by twisting finer cords or wires together （由多股拧成的）粗绳或金属缆: We tied his feet together with (a) rope. 我们用绳子把他 的双脚捆在一起. * The kids tied a (piece of) rope to the tree and used it as a swing. 孩子们把（一根） 绳子系在树上当作秋千玩. 2 [C] number of similar things twisted or strung together 缠结或串连 成绳状的东西: a rope of onions, pearls, etc 一串洋葱、珍珠等. 3 the rope [sing] (infml or rhet 口或修辞) death by hanging 绞刑: bring back the rope, ie the death penalty 恢复死刑. 4 (idm 习 语) give sb enough `rope (and he'll hang himself) (saying 谚) allow sb enough freedom of action (and he will bring about his own downfall) 任由某人为所欲为（终将自作自受）. give sb plenty of/some `rope allow sb much/some freedom of action 给某人以充分的[一定程度的]行动自由. money for jam/old rope => money. show sb/know/learn the `ropes explain to sb/know/learn the procedures or rules for doing sth 向某人解释[弄清楚/学习]做某事的程序或规则: She's just started it'll take her a week or two to learn the ropes. 她是新手--要用一两个星期的时间熟悉情况. rope v. 1 [Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] fasten or bind (sb/sth) with (a) rope 用绳系住或捆绑（某人[某物]）: rope (ie lasso and tie up) cattle 用套索套牛* They roped him to a tree. 他们把他绑在树上. * climbers roped together 用绳联结在一起的登山者. 2 (phr v) rope sb in (to do sth) (infml 口) (esp passive 尤用于被动语态) persuade sb (to take part in an activity) 说服某人（参与一项活动）: All her friends have been roped in to help organize the event. 她所有的朋友都已动员来协助组织这一 活动. rope sth off enclose sth with rope(s) 用绳围起某物: rope off the scene of the accident 把事故 现场用绳子拦起来. rope-ladder n. ladder made of two long ropes connected by short cross-pieces 绳梯. ropy (also ropey) / 5rEUpI; `ropI/ adj (-ier, -iest) (Brit infml 口) poor in quality, health, etc （质量、 健康等）糟糕的, 差劲的: ropy old furniture 破旧的家具* I'm feeling pretty ropey. 我觉得身体很 不舒服. ropiness n. [U]. Roquefort / 5rCkfR:(r); ?@ 5rEUkfErt; `rokfLt/ n [U] type of blue cheese made from ewes' milk 罗克 福尔乾酪（用羊奶制成, 有蓝色霉菌花纹）. roro / 5rEUrEU; `ro9ro/ abbr 缩写 = roll-on roll-off. rosary / 5rEUzErI; `rozErI/ n 1 the rosary [sing] (book containing a) set series of prayers used in the Roman Catholic Church （天主教的）玫瑰经, 玫瑰经经文书: say the rosary 念玫瑰经. 2 [C] (a) string of beads for keeping count of these prayers （念玫瑰经时用的）数珠, 念珠. (b) similar string of beads used in other religions （其他宗教用的）数珠, 念珠. guelder rose / 9geldE 5rEUz; `-ZldL9roz/ shrub with round bunches of white flowers 绣球花（灌木、 开白花）. rose pt of rise2. rose / rEUz; roz/ n 1 [C] (bush or shrub, usu with thorns on its stems, bearing an) ornamental and usu sweet-smelling flower, growing in cultivated and wild varieties 蔷薇科植物; 蔷薇（花）; 玫瑰 （花）: I found him pruning his roses. 我看见他在修剪玫瑰. * a bunch of red roses 一束红玫瑰花 * [attrib 作定语] a `rose bush 玫瑰丛. =>illus at App 1 见附录1 插图, page ii. 2 [C] pink colour 粉红色: the rose (colour) of clouds at dawn 黎明时分云彩所呈现的粉红的颜色. 3 [C] perforated nozzle of a watering-can or hose-pipe, used for sprinkling plants, etc （喷壶或水管的）莲蓬式喷嘴. 4 [C] (also `ceiling rose) (esp plaster) decoration on a ceiling around the point where the main light is fitted 天花板上主灯周围的花饰（尤指灰泥制的）. 5 (idm 习语) a bed of roses => bed1. not all `roses having some discomforts or disadvantages; not perfect 也有不如意或不利的地方; 并非完美: Being an opera star is not all roses by any means. 当上了歌剧明星也决非事事如意. look at/seesth through rose-coloured/rose-tinted `spectacles,etc think of/regard sth (esp life in general) too optimistically 看问题（尤指生活的整体）过于乐观. rosebay n. (US) = rhododendron. rose-bud n. bud of a rose 玫瑰花蕾: [attrib 作定语] a rose-bud mouth, ie one having this shape 玫 瑰花蕾般的嘴. rose-hip n. = hip2. rose-water n. [U] perfume made from roses 玫瑰香水. rose-window n. ornamental circular window, usu in a church 圆花窗（通常为教堂中的）. rosewood n. [U] type of high-quality hardwood used for making furniture 黄檀木（木材坚硬, 质地 优良, 用以制造家具）: [attrib 作定语] a rosewood table 黄檀木的桌子. rose / 5rEUzeI; ?@ rEU5zeI; ro`ze/ n [U] any of several types of pink wine 粉红色葡萄酒: an excellent (bottle of) rose （一瓶）优质红葡萄酒. Cf 参看red wine (red1), white wine (white1). roseate / 5rEUzIEt; `rozIIt/ adj [usu attrib 通常作定语] (rhet 修辞) deep pink 深粉红色的: the roseate hues of dawn 黎明时分天空呈现的深粉红色. rosemary / 5rEUzmErI; ?@ -merI; `roz9mZrI/ n [U](a) fragrant leaves of a type of evergreen shrub, used for flavouring food 迷迭香（一种常绿灌木的叶子, 有香味, 用作调味品）. (b) this shrub 迷 迭香（指灌木）. rosette / rEU5zet; ro`zZt/ n 1 rose-shaped badge, usu of silk or ribbon 玫瑰形标志; （通常指丝带 或缎带做的）玫瑰花结: The fans are all wearing Arsenal rosettes, ie showing their support for Arsenal football team. 球迷全都佩带著表示支持阿塞纳尔球队的玫瑰花结. * the Tory candidate with his big blue rosette 佩带著蓝色大玫瑰花结的保守党候选人. 2 rose-shaped carving on stonework, etc 石制品等上雕刻的玫瑰形花样. rosin / 5rCzIn; ?@ 5rCzn; `rBzn/ n [U] type of resin(1) used on the strings and bows of stringed musical instruments 松香. rosin v. [Tn] rub (sth) with rosin 用松香涂（某物）. roster / 5rCstE(r); `rBstL/ n (esp US) (esp in the army, etc) list of names showing duties to be performed and the times at which those named are to perform them （尤指军队等的）值勤人员名单. roster v. [Tn] (esp US) place (sb) on a roster 将（某人）列入值勤人员名单中: proposals for more flexible rostering 较灵活的值勤安排建议* I've been rostered to work all weekend! 给我安排整个 周末都要值班! rostrum / 5rCstrEm; `rBstrEm/ n (pl ~s or -tra / -trE;-trE/) raised platform from which public speeches are made 演讲台; 讲坛: mount the rostrum 登上讲坛. rosy / 5rEUzI; `rozI/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 of the colour of red roses; deep pink 玫瑰红的; 深粉红色的: rosy cheeks, ie indicating good health 红润的脸颊. 2 (fig 比喻) very encouraging; very hopeful 令 人鼓舞的; 极有希望的: The prospects couldn't be rosier. 前景好得不能再好了. * She painted a rosy picture of the firm's future. 她认为这家公司前途十分美好. rosiness n. [U]. rot / rCt; rBt/ v (-tt-) (a) [I, Ip] decay naturally through the action of bacteria, fungi, etc 腐烂; 腐坏: a heap of rotting leaves 一堆腐烂的叶子* The wood has rotted away completely. 那木头已完全朽 了. * (fig 比喻) He was thrown into prison and left to rot. 他被关进监牢任其苟延残喘. (b) [Tn, Tn.p] cause (sth) to decay or become useless; damage 使（某物）腐烂或无用; 损坏: Oil and grease will rot the rubber of your tyres. 油污能腐蚀轮胎橡胶. * Too much sugar will rot your teeth away. 吃糖太多就要损坏牙齿. rot n. 1 [U] rotting; rottenness 腐烂; 腐坏: a tree affected by rot 枯朽的树* Rot has set in, ie started. 已经逐渐腐烂了. * There's dry rot in the floor. 地板已经朽了. 2 [U] (dated Brit sl 旧, 俚) nonsense; absurd statement(s) or argument(s) 胡说; 谬论: Don't talk such utter rot! 别说这种荒唐 话了! * `They're bound to win.' `Rot! They haven't a chance!' ｀他们一定赢.＇｀胡说! 他们毫无希 望!＇ 3 the rot [sing] liver disease of sheep （羊的）肝蛭病. 4 (idm 习语) the rot sets `in conditions begin to get worse 情况开始变坏: The rot set in when we lost that important customer in Japan. 我 们失去了日本的那家重要客户后, 情况越来越糟了. stop the rot => stop. rot-gut n. [U] (sl 俚) cheap and unpleasant alcoholic drink, esp inferior spirits that can harm the stomach 廉价而难喝的酒（尤指伤胃的劣质烈酒）. rota / 5rEUtE; `rotE/ n (pl ~s) (Brit) (US roster) list showing duties to be done or names of people to do them in turn 勤务轮值表. rotary / 5rEUtErI; `rotErI/ adj [esp attrib 尤作定语]1 (fml 文) (of motion) moving round a central point; circular （指运动）旋转的. 2 (of a machine, an engine, etc) using this type of motion （指 机器、发动机等）转动的: a rotary drill, clothes drier, switch, etc 旋转式钻机、乾衣机、开关 等* a rotary printing machine/press, ie one which prints from metal plates attached to revolving cylinders 轮转印刷机. Cf 参看 reciprocate 2. rotary n. (US) = roundabout 2. rotate / rEU5teIt; ?@ 5rEUteIt; `rotet/ v [I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr] 1 (cause sth to) move in circles round a central point （使某物）旋转或转动: Danger: rotating blades. 危险: 叶片旋转, 注意安全. * rotate the handle gently 轻轻转动手柄. 2 (cause sb/sth to) take turns or recur in a particular order （使某 人[某事物]）轮流或按顺序循环: The post of chairman rotates among members of the committee. 主 席一职由委员会的成员轮流担任. * the technique of rotating crops 轮种作物的技术. rotation / rEU5teIFn; ro`teFEn/ n 1 (a) [U] rotating or being rotated 旋转; 转动: the rotation of the Earth 地球的自转. (b) [C] one complete movement of this type （旋转的）一圈; （一）转: five rotations per hour 每小时旋转五圈. 2 [C, U] regular organized sequence of things or events 轮流; 轮换: the rotation of crops/crop rotation, ie varying the crops grown each year on the same land to avoid exhausting the soil 作物的轮作[轮种]. 3 (idm 习语) in rotation in turn; in regular succession 轮流地; 轮番地; 循环地: The chairmanship of the committee changes in rotation. 委员会主席一职 是轮流担任的. rotational / -FEnl; -FEnl/ adj. rotatory / 5rEUtEtErI, rEU5teItErI; ?@ 5rEUtEtR:rI; `rotE9tRrI/ adj (fml 文) rotating; of rotation 旋转的; 轮流的: rotatory motion 旋转运动. rote / rEUt; rot/ n (idm 习语) by `rote by heart; from memory, without thinking of the meaning 凭记 忆: do, say, know, learn, etc sth by rote 机械地做某事、脱口而出、凭记忆、死记硬背. rote learning method of study based on learning facts, etc by heart without considering their meaning 死记硬背的 学习方法. rotisserie / rEU5ti:sErI; ro`tisErI/ n cooking device for roasting meat, etc on a revolving spit2(1) 旋转 式烤炉. rotor / 5rEUtE(r); `rotL/ n rotating part of a machine, esp on a helicopter 机器的旋转部分; （尤指直 升飞机的）旋翼. =>illus at helicopter 见 helicopter 插图. rotten / 5rCtn; `rBtn/ adj 1 decayed; having gone bad 腐烂的; 变质的: rotten eggs 已坏的蛋 * The wood was so rotten you could put your finger through it. 木头已经朽了, 用手指一就是一个 窟窿. 2 morally corrupt 道德败坏的; 腐化的: an organization, a person, a policy that is rotten to the core, ie completely rotten 腐败透顶的组织、人、政策. 3 (infml 口) very bad; very unpleasant 极坏的; 极讨厌的: The film was pretty rotten. 这部影片简直糟透了. * She's a rotten cook. 她做的 饭菜真差劲. * What rotten luck! 真倒霉! * rotten weather 讨厌的天气. rottenly adv (infml 口) very badly 极坏地: Her husband treated her rottenly all their married life. 他们结婚 以来, 她丈夫待她坏极了. rottenness n. [U]. rotter / 5rCtE(r); `rBtL/ n (sl joc 俚, 谑) nasty or worthless person 可恶的人; 无赖: He's a complete rotter! 他是个十足的大坏蛋! rotund / rEU5tQnd; ro`tQnd/ adj (euph or joc 婉或谑) (of a person) rounded; plump; fat （指人）肥 胖的, 胖墩墩的, 胖的. rotundity / -EtI; -EtI/ n [U] (euph or joc 婉或谑) state of being rotund 肥胖; 胖. rotundly adv. rotunda / rEU5tQndE; ro`tQndE/ n type of round building or hall, esp one with a domed roof 圆形建 筑物或大厅（尤指有半球形屋顶的）. rouble (also ruble) / 5ru:bl; `rubl/ n unit of money in the former USSR; 100 kopecks 卢布（前苏联 发行的货币的单位, 合 100 戈比）. roue / 5ru:eI; ru`e/ n (dated derog 旧, 贬) dissolute or lecherous man, esp an elderly one 放荡的或好 色的男子（尤指年长的）. rouge / ru:V; ruV/ n [U] 1 reddish cosmetic for colouring the cheeks 胭脂. 2 fine red powder used for polishing metal 铁丹; 红铁粉: jewellers' rouge 抛光铁丹. rouge v. [Tn] colour (the cheeks) with rouge 用胭脂搽（脸颊）. rough / rQf; rQf/ adj (-er, -est) 1 having an uneven or irregular surface; not level or smooth 高低不 平的; 参差不齐的; 不平滑的; 粗糙的: A jeep is ideal for driving over rough terrain. 吉普车很适 合在高低不平的路面上行驶. * a rough stone wall 里出外进的石墙* rough hands 粗糙的手 * rough woollen cloth 粗糙的毛料布. Cf 参看smooth1. 2 not gentle or calm; moving or acting violently 粗鲁的; 粗暴的; 粗野的; 剧烈的: rough behaviour 粗暴的行为* His children are very rough with their toys. 他的孩子很不爱惜玩具. * Rugby is a rough sport. 橄榄球是一种很剧烈的运 动. * That area of the city is quite rough (ie dangerous) after dark. 那一带市区天黑之后很危险. * This suitcase has had some rough handling, ie has been badly treated. 这个手提箱用得很不在意. * He has a rough tongue, ie often speaks rudely or sharply. 他讲话很不中听（言语粗野或尖刻）. * rough seas 风浪大的海* have a rough crossing from Dover to Calais 在大风大浪中从多佛港横渡 到加莱港. 3 made or done without (much) attention to detail, esp in haste or as a first attempt; approximate 粗制的; 粗略的; （尤指）粗率的或初步的; 概略的: a rough sketch, calculation, translation 草图、概略的计算、粗略的翻译* a rough draft of his speech 他的演讲草稿 * Give me a rough idea of your plans. 请把你那计画的大概意思告诉我. * I'll give you a rough estimate of the costs. 我给你大致估计一下费用. * rough justice, ie more or less fair, but not necessarily strictly according to law 勉强的公正.4 harsh (in taste, sound, etc) （味道、声音等）令人不快的; 难吃的; 刺耳的: a rough red wine 难喝的红葡萄酒* Your engine sounds a bit rough you'd better have it checked. 你的发动机声音有点不正常--最好检查检查. * a rough voice 粗厉的嗓音. 5 (infml 口) unwell 不舒服: I feel a bit rough I'm going to bed. 我有点儿不舒服--想去睡觉了. 6 (idm 习语) be rough (on sb) (infml 口) be unpleasant or unlucky (for sb) （对某人来说）不愉快的, 不幸的: Losing his job was rough (on him). 他失业了, 真倒霉. give sb/have a rough `time (cause sb to) experience hardship, be treated severely, etc （使某人）受苦、受到严厉的对待等: She had a really rough time when her father died. 她在父亲去世以后受了很多罪. a raw/rough deal => deal4. ,rough and `ready adequate but unrefined; crude but effective 能满足需要但不精美; 简陋但有效: The accommodation is rather rough and ready, I'm afraid. 依我看, 这个住处还算差强人意. * [attrib 作 定语] rough and ready methods 原始但实用的方法. a rough `diamond person who is good-natured but lacking polished manners, education, etc 心地善良但粗俗、缺乏教养等的人. roughly adv 1 in a rough manner 粗鲁地; 粗暴; : treat sb roughly 粗暴地对待某人* a roughly made table, ie not finely finished 做工粗糙的桌子.2 approximately 大概; 大约: It should cost roughly 10. 这大约10 英镑. * about forty miles, roughly speaking 大致说来, 约四十英里. roughness n. [U] quality or state of being rough 粗糙; 粗略; 粗率; 粗鲁; 粗厉: the roughness of his chin 他下巴的粗糙不光滑. rough-and-tumble n, adj (fight, struggle, etc that is) boisterous and disorganized, but usu not serious 吵闹而混乱的（打、 斗等）（通常不很严重）: All the pups were having a rough-and-tumble in the garden. 小狗都正在花 园里又叫又闹. rough house ( infml 口) disturbance with violent and noisy behaviour 大吵大闹. rough luck bad luck, worse than is deserved （不该有的）坏运气. roughneck n. (US infml 口) 1 rowdy person; hooligan 粗暴而好吵闹的人; 流氓. 2 worker on an oil rig 油井工人. rough / rQf; rQf/ adv 1 in a rough manner 粗鲁地; 粗暴地; 粗略地: a team that is notorious for playing rough, ie in a (physically) somewhat violent way 因动作粗野而声名狼藉的运动队. 2 (idm 习语) cut up `rough (infml 口) become angry or violent 发脾气; 暴跳如雷: I hope he doesn't cut up rough when I tell him what I've done. 我把我做的事情告诉他, 但愿他别发火. live rough => live2. sleep rough => sleep2. roughcast n. [U] coarse plaster containing gravel, used for covering the outside walls of buildings （含沙石的）粗灰泥（用以抹建筑物的外墙）. rough-hewn adj. (fml or rhet 文或修辞) shaped or carved roughly 初步成形的; 粗雕的: a rough-hewn statue 粗凿的雕像. roughshod adv (idm 习语) ride roughshod over sb/sth => ride2. rough / rQf; rQf/ n 1 (also the rough) [U] part of a golf-course where the ground is uneven and the grass uncut （高尔夫球场的）深草区（场地不平、杂草不修剪）. =>illus at golf 见golf 插图. Cf 参看fairway 1.2 [C] rough drawing or design, etc 草图、草样等: Have you seen the (artwork) roughs for the new book? 你看到那本新书的（插图）草稿了吗? 3 [C] (infml 口) violent lawless person; (usu male) hooligan 无法无天的人; （通常指男性）流氓: beaten up by a gang of young roughs 遭一帮小流氓殴打. 4 (idm 习语) in `rough without great accuracy; approximately 不太精 确地; 大约: I've drawn it in rough, to give you some idea of how it looks. 我已经把它草草画了出 来, 好让你有个大概的印象. in (the) `rough in an unfinished state 尚未完成: We only saw the new painting in the rough. 我们只见过那幅新画未完成时的样子. take the ,rough with the `smooth accept what is unpleasant or difficult as well as what is pleasant or easy 好坏一齐接受. rough / rQf; rQf/ v 1 (idm 习语) `rough it (infml 口) live without the usual comforts and conveniences of life 在没有一般的舒适和便利的条件下生活: roughing it in the mountains 在山区 因陋就简地生活* You may have to rough it a bit if you come to stay. 你要来住可能得吃点苦. 2 (phr v) rough sth out shape, plan or sketch sth roughly 拟定某事物的草案或纲要: He roughed out some ideas for the new buildings. 他为新建筑物提出了一些初步设想. rough sb up (infml 口) treat sb roughly, with physical violence 对某人施用暴力; 殴打某人. rough sth up make sth untidy or uneven 将某物弄乱或弄得不平整: Don't rough up my hair! 别把我的头发弄乱了! roughage / 5rQfIdV; `rQfIdV/ n [U] indigestible material in certain plants used as food (eg bran) that stimulates the action of the intestines, and helps the digestion of other foods 粗糙食物（不易吸收的 粗纤维, 如糠、麸, 可刺激肠蠕动, 有助于消化他种食物）. roughage / 5rQfIdV; `rQfIdV/ n [U] indigestible material in certain plants used as food (eg bran) that stimulates the action of the intestines, and helps the digestion of other foods 粗糙食物（不易吸收的 粗纤维, 如糠、麸, 可刺激肠蠕动, 有助于消化他种食物）. roughen / 5rQfn; `rQfEn/ v [I, Tn] (cause sth to) become rough （使某物）变得粗糙或不平整: Roughen the surface before applying the paint. 先把表面弄毛糙再涂颜料. roughen / 5rQfn; `rQfEn/ v [I, Tn] (cause sth to) become rough （使某物）变得粗糙或不平整: Roughen the surface before applying the paint. 先把表面弄毛糙再涂颜料. roulette / ru:5let; ru`lZt/ n [U] gambling game in which a small ball falls at random into one of the numbered compartments on a revolving wheel 轮盘赌: play roulette 玩轮盘赌 * [attrib 作定语] a roulette wheel 轮盘赌具上的轮盘. round / raUnd; raJnd/ adj 1 shaped like a circle or a ball 环形的; 球形的; 圆的: a round plate, window, table 圆盘、窗、桌* round cheeks, ie plump and curved 圆而胖的脸. 2 full; complete 满的; 完全的: a round dozen, ie not less than twelve 整整一打* a round (ie considerable) sum of money 一笔很可观的钱. 3 (idm 习语) in round `figures/`numbers (given) in 10's, 100's, 1000's etc, without using the other digits 取整数的, 不计尾数的（仅以几十、几百、几千等表示）: Add 2.74 to 7.23 and you get 10.00, in round figures. 7.23 英镑加上 2.74 英镑取整数为 10 英镑. a square peg in a round hole => square1. roundish adj. approximately round 近似圆形的. roundly adv thoroughly; pointedly 彻底地; 直率地: She was roundly rebuked for what she had done. 她做出 了这种事因而受到严厉的指责. * We told her roundly that she was unwelcome. 我们坦率地告诉她 大家不欢迎她. roundness n. [U]. round brackets parentheses 圆括号. round-eyed adj. with the eyes wide open in wonder, etc （因惊奇等）眼睛睁大的. Roundhead n. supporter of Parliament in the English Civil War 圆颅党人（英国内战时期的议会派 人士）. Cf 参看 Cavalier. round robin 1 statement, petition, etc signed by a number of people, often with signatures arranged in a circle to conceal who signed first 圆形签名陈情书、请愿书等（签名排列成圆形, 故分不清先后）. 2 letter sent in turn to members of a group, each of whom adds sth before sending it on to the next 传阅的信 件（各成员传阅并签注意见）. round-shouldered adj. (derog 贬) (walking, standing, etc) with the shoulders bent forward （行走、 站立等）弓背曲肩的. Cf 参看 square-shouldered (square1). round-table adj. [attrib 作定语] (of a meeting, etc) in which the participants meet more or less as equals （指会议等）圆桌的（与会者平等）: a ,round-table discussion, `conference, etc 圆桌讨论 会、会议等. round trip ( a) journey to one or more places and back again, often by a different route 环程旅行（常 不循原路线返回）. (b) (US) = return2 5: [attrib 作定语] a ,round-trip `ticket 一张往返票. round / raUnd; raJnd/ adv part (For special uses with many vs, eg bring round, get round, see the v entries 可与许多动词连用, 如bring round 、 get round, 其释义见各动词词条. ) 1 so as to be facing in a different (usu the opposite) direction 朝另一方向（通常指反方向）: turn the car round 使 汽车掉头* Stop turning (your heads) round to look at people. 别再（把头）扭过去看人.2 making the completion of a full cycle 转一整圈:How long does it take the minute hand of the clock to go round once? 钟的分针转一圈要多长时间? * Spring will soon come round again. 春天又快到了. measuring or marking the circumference of sth 周长: a young tree measuring only 18 inches round 周长仅18 英寸的小树* They've built a fence all round to stop the children falling in. 他们在四周 围起一圈栅栏防止儿童掉进去. 4 to all members of a group in turn 依次、逐个轮到: Hand the biscuits round. 把饼乾分给大家. * The news was quickly passed round. 消息很快就传开了. * Have we enough cups to go round? 我们的杯子够大家用吗? 5 by a route that is longer than the most direct one 绕道地; 迂回地: It's quickest to walk across the field going round by road takes much longer. 穿过田地路途最近--绕行公路要远得多. * We decided to come the long way round in order to see the countryside. 我们决定绕远路来, 为的是看看野外的景色. 6 (infml 口) to or at a specified place, esp where sb lives 至某处, 在某处（尤指某人的住处）: I'll be round in an hour. 我 在一小时后就到. * We've invited the Frasers round this evening. 我们邀请了弗雷泽一家今晚来作 客. 7 (idm 习语) ,round a`boutin the surrounding district 在附近; 在周围: the countryside round about 附近的郊外* all the villages round about 附近的所有村庄. Cf 参看 around2. round / raUnd; raJnd/ n 1 (a) complete slice of bread （整片的）面包片: a round of toast 整片的烤 面包片* two rounds (ie sandwiches) of ham and one of beef 两个火腿三明治和一个牛肉三明治. (b) (of food) sth round; a round piece/shape （指食物）圆形食物（圆片[形]）: Cut the pastry into small rounds, one for each pie. 把油酥面团切成小圆片, 每个馅饼用一片. 2 regular series, succession, route, etc 有规律的系列、路线等: the daily round, ie the ordinary occupations of every day 日常工 作 * His life is one long round of meetings. 他的生活内容就是一个会议接著一个会议. * the postman's round, ie the route he takes to deliver letters 邮递员的投递路线* a doctor's rounds, ie his series of daily visits to patients or wards 医生的巡回出诊或查房. 3 stage in a game, competition, etc （游戏、比赛等的）一轮, 一局, 一场, 一回合: a boxing-match of ten rounds 十回合的一场 拳击比赛* He was knocked out in the third round/in Round Three. 他在第三个回合就被击倒了. * have a round of cards 玩一局牌* play a round (ie 18 holes) of golf 打一场高尔夫球（18 个穴）. 4 (any one of a) set or series 一连串, 一系列, 一套, 一组（中之一）: a round of drinks, ie one for each person in a group 每人一份饮料* It's my round, ie my turn to pay for the next set of drinks. 轮到我 了（该由我付下一回饮料的费用）. * a new round of pay bargaining 新的一轮增加工资的谈判. 5 burst (of applause, cheering, etc) （掌声、欢呼声等的）一阵: Let's have a good round of applause for the next performer. 咱们为下一个表演者热烈鼓掌吧. 6 musical composition for two or more voices in which each sings the same melody but starts at a different time 轮唱曲.7 single shot or volley of shots from one or more guns; ammunition for this （枪炮的）一次射击或群射; 一发子弹 或炮弹: They fired several rounds at us. 他们向我们射击了几次. * We've only three rounds 　(ie shells or bullets) left. 我们只剩下三发炮弹（或子弹）了. 8 (idm 习语) do/go the `rounds (of sth) (infml 口) make a tour; visit places one after another 到各处玩乐; 到一处忠淮? We did/went the rounds of all the pubs in town. 我们逐一光顾了城里所有的酒店. go the round of circulate in or among 流传; 散播: The news quickly went the round of the village. 消息很快传遍了全村. in the `round (a) (of a theatre, play, etc) with the audience (almost) all around the stage （指剧场、演出等） 舞台设在场地中央的. (b) (of sculpture) made so that it can be viewed from all sides （指雕塑）圆 雕的（能从各面观看的）. make one's `rounds make one's usual visits, esp of inspection 例行巡视; （尤指）巡查: the production manager making his rounds 正在进行巡查的生产部经理. round / raUnd; raJnd/ prep 1 having (sth) as the central point of a circular movement; circling (sth) 以（某物）为中心（作圆周运动）; 围绕, 环绕（某物）: The earth moves round the sun. 地球环 绕太阳运行. * Drake sailed round the world. 德雷克扬帆环游世界. * goldfish swimming round the bowl 在鱼缸里转圈游动的金鱼. 2 to or at a point on the other side of (sth) 至或在（某物）另一 面的某一点; 绕过（某物）: walk round a corner 步行绕过拐角* There's a garage round the next bend. 在下一个转弯处有个汽车服务站. * Go round the roundabout and take the third exit. 绕著环 状交叉路, 从第三个出口出去. 3 covering or at points close to the edge of (sth) 围著（某物）的边 缘或在其近处: a scarf round his neck 他脖子上围著的围巾* sitting round the table 围桌而坐. 4 to or at various points in (sth) 至或在（某物）中之各点: look round the room 环视房间* show sb round (ie all the different rooms in) the house 领某人参观房子（中的各个房间） * There were soldiers positioned all round the town. 城里到处都驻守著士兵. 5 ~ (about) sth approximately (a time, amount, etc) 大约（某时刻、数量等）: We're leaving round about midday. 我们要在中午前 后走. * A new roof will cost round about 1000. 换新顶篷需要 1000 英镑左右. round / raUnd; raJnd/ v [Tn] 1 make (sth) into the shape of a circle, a ball, an oval, etc 使（某物）成 圆形、球形、卵形等: round the lips, eg when making the sound / u:; u/ 把嘴唇撮成圆形（如发/ u:; u/音时）* stones rounded by the action of water 由于水的冲刷而变圆的石块. 2 go round (sth) 环 绕（某物）而行; 绕过（某物）: We rounded the corner at high speed. 我们以高速度绕过拐角. 3 (phr v) round sth off (a) end or complete sth satisfactorily 使某事物圆满结束或完成: round off a sentence, speech, etc 把句子、演说等修饰好* He rounded off his career by becoming Home Secretary. 他担任内政大臣一职, 在事业上已登峰造极了. (b) take the sharp edges off sth 将某物 的棱角修钝: She rounded off the corners of the table with sandpaper. 她用砂纸把桌角打磨光了. round on/upon sb attack sb (esp verbally) in sudden anger 突然发怒而攻击某人（尤指抨击）: She was amazed when he rounded on her and called her a liar. 他突然怒斥她说谎, 她大吃一惊. round sth out supply sth with more explanation, detail, etc 对某事进一步解释、说明等: John will tell you the plan in outline, and then I'll round it out. 约翰要告诉你那个计画的梗概, 然后我再详谈. round sb/sth up cause sb/sth to gather in one place 使某人[某物]集合在一起: The guide rounded up the tourists and led them back to the coach. 导游把游客集合在一起, 领他们回到车上. * cowboys rounding up cattle 把牛赶到一起的牛仔* I spent the morning trying to round up the documents I needed. 我用上午的时间尽力搜集所需要的文件. round sth up/down increase/decrease (a figure, price, etc) to the nearest whole number 将（数字、价格等）调高[降低]为整数: A charge of 1.90 will be rounded up to 2, and one of 3.10 rounded down to 3. 把 1.90 英镑的费用上调为整数 2 英镑, 把 3.10 英镑下调为整数 3 英镑. round-up n. 1 act of gathering together people, animals or things into one place （人、动物或事物 的）聚集; 聚拢: a round-up of stray cattle 将走失的牛群驱赶到一起. 2 summary 总结; 摘要: Here is a round-up of the latest news. 以下是最新的新闻综合报道. roundabout / 5raUndEbaUt; `raJndE9baJt/ adj [usu attrib 通常作定语] not using the shortest or most direct route, form of words, etc 绕道的; 兜圈子的; 拐弯抹角的: take a roundabout route 绕远道 * I heard the news in a roundabout way. 我是间接听到这消息的. * a roundabout way of saying sth 拐 弯抹角的说某事. roundabout n. 1 (US also carousel, `merry-go-round, whirligig) revolving platform with model horses, cars, etc for children to ride on in a playground or at a funfair 旋转木马. 2 (US traffic circle, rotary) multiple road junction in the form of a circle round which all traffic has to pass in the same direction 环状交叉路（多条道路的交叉口, 车辆均须按相同方向绕行）. =>illus at App 1 见附录 1 插图, page xiii. Cf 参看 circus 3. 3 (idm 习语) swings and roundabouts => swing2. roundel / 5raUndl; `raJndl/ n circular identifying mark showing nationality, used on military aircraft of some countries 圆形标志（表示国别的符号, 用于某些国家的军用飞机上）. rounders / 5raUndEz; `raJndLz/ n [sing v] (Brit) game for two teams, played with a bat and ball, in which players have to run round a circuit of bases 一种似棒球的游戏. Cf 参看 baseball. Roundhead => round1. roundsman / 5raUndzmEn; `raJndzmEn/ n (pl -men /-mEn; -mEn/) tradesman's employee delivering goods, etc on a regular route （有固定路线的）送货员: Ask your roundsman for extra milk over Christmas. 请贵店送货员在圣诞节多送些牛奶来. rouse / raUz; raJz/ v 1 (a) [Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sb (from/out of sth) cause sb to wake 唤醒某人: I was roused by the sound of a bell. 钟声把我吵醒了. * It's time to rouse the children. 该叫醒孩子们了. * (fig 比喻) rouse him from his depression 使他不再消沉. (b) [I, Ipr] ~ (from/out of sth) (fml 文) wake (oneself) 醒来: I roused slowly from a deep sleep. 我从熟睡中慢慢地醒来. 2 [Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth) cause sb/sth to become active, interested, etc 使某人[某事物]活跃起来、产 生兴趣等: rouse sb/oneself to action 激励某人[自己]行动起来* roused to anger by their insults 被 他们的侮辱所激怒* When he's roused, he can get very angry. 要是惹著了他, 他有时大发脾气. Cf 参看 arouse. rousing adj. [usu attrib 通常作定语] vigorous; giving encouragement (esp to action) 充满活力的; 激励人的（尤指使之付诸行动）: a rousing speech 振奋人心的讲话* three rousing cheers for the winner 向获胜者热烈地表示祝贺的三次欢呼声. roustabout / 5raUstEbaUt; `raJstE9baJt/ n labourer on an oil rig 石油钻台上的工人. rout / raUt; raJt/ n [C, U] 1 utter defeat (ending in disorder) 彻底的失败; 溃败; 大败: After our fifth goal the match became a rout. 我队进了第五个球以后, 对方一败涂地. 2 (idm 习语) put sb to `rout (dated fml 旧, 文) defeat sb completely 彻底打败某人. rout v. [Tn] defeat (sb) completely; make (sb) retreat in confusion 彻底打败（某人）; 使（某人） 溃退: He resigned after his party was routed in the election. 他所在的那个党在选举中遭到惨败, 他 随之辞职了. rout / raUt; raJt/ v (phr v) rout sb out (of sth) fetch sb out abruptly, forcibly, etc 生硬地、强制地... 使 某人出去: We were routed out of our beds at 4 am. 清晨 4 点钟就把我们从床上叫起来了. en route / 9Cn 5ru:t; Bn`rut/ ~ (from...) (to...); ~ (for...) (French 法) on the way 在路上; 在中途: We stopped at Paris en route from Rome to London. 我们从罗马去伦敦的途中曾在巴黎停留. * They passed through Paris en route for Rome. 他们途经巴黎前往罗马. route / ru:t; ?@ raUt; raJt/ n way taken or planned to get from one place to another 路; 路途; 路线: We drove home by a roundabout route. 我们开车绕道回的家. * the main shipping routes across the Atlantic 穿越大西洋的主要海运路线* (US) take Route 66 走 66 号公路. route v. (pres p routeing, pp routed) [Tn.pr esp passive 尤用于被动语态] send (sth) by a specified route 按某路线发送（某物）: This flight is routed to Chicago via New York. 这班机是经纽约飞往 芝加哥的. route march long march made by soldiers in training （部队操练中的）长途行军. routine / ru:5ti:n; ru`tin/ n 1 [C, U] fixed and regular way of doing things 固定而有规则性的程序; 例行公事; 常规: She found it difficult to establish a new routine after retirement. 她退休后觉得很 难建立起新的生活秩序. * do sth as a matter of routine 按常规办事 * [attrib 作定语] routine tasks, chores, duties, etc 日常工作、日常事务、例行职责. 2 [C] set sequence of movements in a dance or some other performance 舞蹈等表演的成套动作: go through a dance routine 做一套舞蹈动作. routine adj. usual; habitual; regular 通常的; 惯例的; 例行的: the routine procedure 例行手续 * routine maintenance 定期的保养 * (derog 贬) a rather routine (ie ordinary, undistinguished) performance 很一般的（平淡无奇的）演出. routinely adv. roux / ru:; ru/ n (pl unchanged 复数不变) (in cooking) mixture of melted fat and flour blended together and used as the basis for sauces 油脂面糊（用以制沙司）. rove / rEUv; rov/ v 1 (a) [Ipr, Ip, Tn] (esp rhet 尤作修辞) wander without intending to reach a particular destination; roam 漂泊; 流浪; 漫游: a roving reporter 到处奔走的记者 * bands of hooligans roving (round) the streets 成群结伙在街上东游西逛的流氓. (b) ~ about/around (sth) [Ipr, Ip] (of eyes) look in one direction after another （指眼睛）环顾, 扫视. 2 (idm 习语) have a roving eye be always looking for a chance to flirt or have love affairs 时刻寻找调情或做风流事的机会. rover n. wanderer 流浪者; 漂泊者; 漫游者: She's always been a rover. 她一向到处流浪. roving commission authority to travel as much as necessary in order to carry out enquiries, duties, etc （为进行调查、工 作等之需而有的）自由旅行权. row / rEU; ro/ n 1 number of people or things arranged in a line 一行; 一排; 一列: a row of books, houses, desks 一排书、房子、书桌* standing in a row/in rows 站成行* plant a row of cabbages 种植一行洋白菜. 2 line of seats across a theatre, etc （戏院等的）成排坐位: the front two rows 前 两排坐位 * [attrib 作定语] a ,front-row `seat 前排坐位. 3 (idm 习语) in a row one after another; in unbroken sequence 一个接一个地; 连续不断地: This is the third Sunday in a row that it's rained. 这是接连著的第三个星期天下雨了. row / rEU; ro/ v 1 [I, Ipr, Ip, Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] propel (a boat) by using oars 划（船）: Can you row? 你会划船吗? * They rowed (the boat) across (the river). 他们划（船）过了河. 2 [Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] carry (sb/sth) in a rowing-boat 用划艇运载（某人[某物]）: Row me across (the river). 划船把我送 到对岸去吧. 3 (a) [Tn, Tn.pr] perform in a race, etc against (sb) by rowing 与（某人）进行划船比 赛等: We're rowing Cambridge in the next race. 我们在下一次划船比赛中要跟剑桥大学队较量. (b) [I, Ipr] be an oarsman in a racing-boat's crew （在赛艇上）当划桨队员, 划船: row for Cambridge 在 剑桥队当划船运动员* He rows (at) No 5 (ie in this position) for Oxford. 他是牛津大学船队的 5 号队员. row n. (usu sing 通常作单数) outing in a boat that one rows; period of rowing 划船游玩; 划船时 间: go for a row 去划船* a long and tiring row 划船很长很累的一段时间. rower n. person who rows a rowing-boat 划船者. Cf 参看 oarsman (oar). rowing-boat (also esp US `row-boat) n. small boat propelled by rowing (usu not competitively) 划 艇（通常指非比赛用艇）. row / raU; raJ/ n (infml 口) 1 [U, sing] loud noise; uproar 大的噪声; 吵闹: How can I read with all this row going on? 吵闹的声音这样大, 我怎能读书呢? * Could you please make less (of a) row? 请你别那麽大声嚷嚷好吗? * kick up a row 大声吵闹. 2 [C] noisy or violent argument; quarrel 大 声而激烈的争论; 吵架: I think they've had a row. 我想他们一定吵架了. * the continuing row over the Government's defence policy 关于政府防务政策的无休止的争论. =>Usage at argument 用法 见argument. 3 [C] instance of being criticized, scolded, etc 受批评、挨骂等: I got/She gave me a row for being late. 因为我迟到了, 我挨了批评[她批评了我]. row v. [I, Ipr] ~ (with sb) quarrel noisily 大声争吵: They're always rowing, ie with each other. 他 们总是吵架. * rowing (with his employers) over money （与雇主）在钱的问题上争吵. rowan / 5rEUEn, 5raUEn; `roEn, `raJEn/ n (also `rowan tree) type of tree that bears hanging clusters of scarlet berries; mountain ash 花楸树（结鲜红色的浆果, 成串下垂）. rowdy / 5raUdI; `raJdI/ adj (-ier, -iest) (derog 贬) noisy; disorderly 吵闹的; 混乱的; 无秩序的: a group of rowdy teenagers 一群吵吵嚷嚷的青少年* The meeting broke up amid rowdy scenes. 会 议在混乱中结束了. rowdily adv. rowdiness, rowdyism ns [U] rowdy behaviour 吵闹行为. rowdy n. (dated derog 旧, 贬) rowdy person 大吵大闹的人; 好争吵者. rowlock / 5rClEk; ?@ 5rEUlCk; `ro9lBk/ (US also `oarlock) n device on the side of a rowing-boat for keeping an oar in place （划艇边缘的）桨架. =>illus at rowing-boat (row2) 见 rowing-boat(row>>2) 插图. Cf 参看 thole. royal / 5rRIEl; `rRIEl/ adj [usu attrib 通常作定语] 1 of a king or queen 国王的; 女王的: limitations on royal power 对王权的限制* the royal visit to Canada 国王对加拿大的访问 * the royal prerogative 国王的特权. 2 belonging to the family of a king or queen （属于）王室的, 王族 的: the royal princesses 国王的（除王后之外的）女眷. 3 in the service or under the patronage of a king or queen 为国王或女王效力的; 国王或女王赞助的: the Royal `Air Force 皇家空军 * the Royal Marines 皇家海军陆战队* the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 皇家鸟类保护协会. 4 suitable for a king, etc; splendid 适于国王的; 盛大的: a royal welcome 盛大的欢迎. 5 (idm 习 语) the royal `we' monarch's use of the plural pronoun to refer to himself or herself 朕, 寡人（君主用 于自称）: (joc 谑) `We've never liked Italy.' `Is that the royal ``we''? I think Italy's great!' ｀我们向来 不喜欢意大利.＇｀你说的我们是指你孤家寡人吧? 我认为意大利好极了!＇ royal n. (usu pl 通常作复数) (infml 口) member of the royal family 王室成员. royalist / 5rRIElIst; `rRIElIst/ n person who favours monarchy as a form of government 保皇主义 者; 保皇党成员. royally / 5rRIElI; `rRIElI/ adv in a splendid manner 盛大地: We were royally entertained. 我们受 到了盛情的款待. royal blue ( Brit) deep bright blue colour 宝蓝; 藏蓝. Royal Commission ( Brit) group of people officially appointed by the monarch to investigate and report on a particular matter 皇家调查委员会（由君主指派的）. Royal Highness ( used as the title of a royal person, esp a prince or princess 用作王室成员（尤指王 子、王孙或公主、孙公主）的尊称): Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales 储妃殿下 * Their Royal Highnesses, the Duke and Duchess of York 约克公爵及公爵夫人殿下* Thank you, Your Royal Highness. 感谢殿下. royal jelly substance secreted by worker bees and fed by them to future queen bees 蜂王浆. royalty / 5rRIEltI; `rRIEltI/ n 1 [U] royal person or people 王室成员; 王族: in the presence of royalty 在御前* a shop patronized by royalty 王族成员光顾的商店. 2 [U] being a member of a royal family 王室成员的身分:the duties of royalty 王室成员的责任. 3 [C] (a) sum paid to the owner of a copyright or patent, eg to an author for each copy of his book sold 版税; 专利权使用费. (b) sum paid by a mining or oil company to the owner of the land being mined, etc （矿业或石油公司 付给土地所有者的）矿区使用费: oil royalties 石油开采地使用费. rpm / 9B: pi: 5em; 9Br pi `Zm/ abbr 缩写= revolutions per minute (esp as a measure of engine speed) 每分钟的转数（尤指发动机的）: 2500 rpm 2500 转/分. RRP / 9B:r B: 5pi:; 9Br Br `pi/ abbr 缩写 = (commerce 商) recommended retail price 建议零售价 格: RRP 35.00, our price 29.95, eg in a sales catalogue. 建议零售价格为 35.00 英镑, 本公司实际 售价为 29.95 英镑（如商品目录表所载的）. RSA / 9B:r es 5eI; 9Br Zs `e/ abbr 缩写= Republic of South Africa 南非共和国. RSC / 9B:r es 5si:; 9Br Zs `si/ abbr 缩写= (Brit) Royal Shakespeare Company 皇家莎士比亚剧团: an RSC production 皇家莎士比亚剧团演出. RSM / 9B:r es 5em; 9Br Zs `Zm/ abbr 缩写 = 1 Regimental Sergeant-Major 准尉. 2 Royal School of Music 皇家音乐学校. RSPB / 9B:r es pi: 5bi:; 9Br Zs pi `bi/ abbr 缩写= (Brit) Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 皇家鸟类保护协会. RSPCA / 9B:r es 9pi: si: 5eI; 9Br Zs 9pi si `e/ abbr 缩写= (Brit) Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 皇家防止虐待动物协会. RSV / 9B:r es 5vi:; 9Br Zs `vi/ abbr 缩写= Revised Standard Version (of the Bible) 《圣经》修订标 准本. RSVP / 9B:r es vi: 5pi:; 9Br Zs vi `pi/ abbr 缩写= (esp on invitations) please reply (French repondez s'il vous plait) （尤用于请柬）请赐覆（源自法文repondez s'il vous plait）. Rt Hon abbr. 缩写= (Brit) Right Honourable: (the) Rt Hon Richard Scott 理查德·斯科特阁下. Cf 参看 Hon 2. Rt Rev (also Rt Revd) abbr. 缩写= Right Reverend: (the) Rt Rev George Hill 乔治·希尔主教大 人. Cf 参看 Rev. RU abbr. 缩写= Rugby Union 橄榄球联合会. rub / rQb; rQb/ v (-bb-) 1 [I, Tn, Tn.pr, Tn.p] ~ (sth) (with sth) (cause sth to) press against (a surface) with a to-and-fro sliding movement （用某物）擦, 磨, 揉, 搓（另一物）: If you keep rubbing, the paint will come off. 你再多擦擦颜色就能掉了. * He rubbed his chin thoughtfully. 他抚摩著下巴, 陷入沉思. * rub the glass (with a cloth) （用布）擦玻璃* rubbing his hands together （他）搓著 手. 2 (a) [Tn.pr, Tn.p] apply (sth) in this way 搽上、抹上或涂上（某物）: Rub the lotion on(to the skin). （在皮肤上）搽上涂剂. (b) [Tn.pr] move (one's hand, etc) in this way 用（手等）擦, 抹, 抚 摩, 按摩: He rubbed his palm across his forehead. 他用手掌揉了揉前额. 3 (a) [Cn.a] cause (sth) to reach the specified condition by rubbing 用擦、磨等方法使（某物）达到某种状况: rub the surface smooth, clean, dry, etc (with a cloth) （用布）把表面擦光、净、乾等. (b) [Tn.pr] ~ sth in sth make (a hole, etc) in sth by rubbing 在某物上磨出（洞等）: rub a bald patch in one's trousers 裤子上磨出 一片斑痕. 4 [I, Ipr] ~ (on/against sth) be pressed (against sth) and sliding about on it （与某物）摩 擦: The heel of my shoe keeps rubbing, ie against the heel of my foot. 我的鞋后跟磨脚. * The wheel's rubbing on the mudguard. 车轮蹭著了挡泥板. 5 (idm 习语) rub sb's `nose in it (infml derog 口, 贬) remind sb cruelly of their past mistakes, etc 无情地提及某人已往的错误等. rub salt into the wound/sb's wounds make a painful experience even more painful for sb 在某人的伤口上撒 盐（给某人增加痛苦）; 给某人雪上加霜. rub shoulders with sb meet sb socially or professionally 与 某人作社交上或职业上的来往: In his job he's rubbing shoulders with film stars all the time. 他在工 作中一直与电影明星有来往. rub sb up the wrong `way (infml 口) annoy sb 惹恼某人. 6 (phr v) rub along (infml 口) (of a person) manage without too much difficulty （指人）（生活等）勉强过得 去. rub along with sb/together (infml 口) (of two or more people) live together in a reasonably friendly way （指人）相处得还不错. rub (sb/oneself/sth) down rub (sb/oneself/a horse, etc) vigorously with eg a towel to make the skin dry and clean （用毛巾等） 将（某人[自己/马匹]等）用力擦乾净: The players paused to rub (themselves) down between games. 运动员在比赛中间休息时擦汗. rub sth down make sth smooth or level by rubbing 磨光或磨平某物: Rub the walls down well before painting them. 先把墙面打磨光滑再粉刷. rub sth in/into sth force (ointment, etc) into sth by rubbing 将（油膏等）揉搓进某物中: Rub the cream in well. 搽上乳 膏后揉匀. rub it in emphasize or remind sb constantly of an unpleasant fact 不断地向某人提及令人 不快的事: I know I made a mistake but there's no need to rub it in. 我知道自己做了错事, 可也不必 老提这个. rub (sth) off ( sth) (cause sth to) be removed from (a surface) by rubbing （将某物）擦掉: Rub the mud off your trousers. 把你裤子上的泥擦掉. * Who's rubbed my figures off the blackboard? 谁把 我写在黑板上的数字擦掉了? * These stains won't rub off. 这些污迹擦不掉. rub off (on/onto sb) be transferred (to sb) as a result of sb else's example 从他人的榜样中汲取到...: Let's hope some of her patience rubs off on her brother. 希望她的弟弟也能有点她那样的耐性. rub sb out ( US sl 俚) murder sb 谋杀某人. rub (sth) out (cause sth, esp pencil marks, to) be removed by using a rubber1(2) 用橡皮擦掉（某物, 尤指铅笔痕迹等）: rub out a mistake, figure, drawing 用橡皮把一错处、数字、图画擦掉* I can't get it to rub out. 我用橡皮擦不掉它. rub sth up polish sth by rubbing 将某物擦亮. rub up against sb (infml 口) meet sb by chance 偶然遇到某人. rubbing n. impression of sth, eg a brass decoration on a grave, made by rubbing paper laid over it with wax, chalk or charcoal 摹拓; 拓印. rub / rQb; rQb/ n 1 [C usu sing 通常作单数] act or process of rubbing 擦; 磨; 摩擦: Give the spoons a good rub to get them clean. 把这些匙擦乾净. 2 the rub [sing] (dated 旧) difficulty or drawback (used esp in the expressions shown) 困难, 障碍（尤用于以下示例）: There's the rub/Therein lies the rub. 难就难在这里. rubber / 5rQbE(r); `rQbL/ n 1 [U] tough elastic substance made from the milky juice of certain tropical plants, or synthetically 橡胶; 合成橡胶: an electric cable insulated with rubber 用橡胶作绝 缘材料的电缆 * [attrib 作定语] a pair of rubber gloves 一副橡皮手套* rubber car tyres 橡胶汽 车轮胎. 2 [C] (Brit) (also esp US eraser) (a) piece of this or some other substance for rubbing out pencil or ink marks （擦铅笔或墨水痕迹的）橡皮: a pencil with a rubber on the end 一端带橡皮的 铅笔. (b) piece of material for rubbing out chalk marks on ablackboard 黑板擦. 3 [C] (infml 口 esp US) contraceptive sheath; condom 避孕套; 阴茎套. 4 rubbers [pl] (esp US) waterproof rubber coverings worn over the shoes; galoshes （防水的）橡胶套鞋. rubberize, rubberise / 5rQbEraIz; `rQbE9rBIz/ v [Tn] treat or coat (sth) with rubber 用橡胶处理（某 物）; 在（某物）上覆上橡胶: rubberized material 覆有橡胶层的材料. rubbery / 5rQbErI; `rQbErI/ adj like rubber in consistency or texture 似橡胶的: chewing a rubbery piece of meat 嚼著一块嚼不烂的肉. rubber band (also elastic band, US elastic) loop of rubber used for holding things together 橡皮筋; 橡皮圈: a pack of cards with a rubber band round them 用橡皮筋捆著的一副纸牌. rubber goods ( euph 婉) contraceptive devices and sexual aids 避孕用具及性生活辅助用具. rubber plant type of plant with thick shiny green leaves, often grown indoors for decoration 橡胶植物（叶厚而有 光泽, 常作室内盆栽）. rubber stamp 1 small device for printing dates, signatures, etc on a surface by hand 橡皮图章. 2 (fig 比喻) person or group that automatically gives approval to the actions or decisions of others 机械地赞同他 人的行动或决定的人或团体. rubber-stamp v. [Tn] (often derog 常作贬义) approve (sth) automatically and without proper consideration 未经适当考虑便机械地赞同（某事物）. rubber / 5rQbE(r); `rQbL/ n match of (the best of) three games at bridge, whist, etc （桥牌、惠斯特 等牌戏的）（三局两胜的）比赛: Let's play another rubber. 咱们再赛个三局两胜吧. * We can win the rubber 2 games to nil or 2-1. 我们可以以2 比零或2 比1 赢得这三局两胜的比赛. rubber-neck / 5rQbEnek; `rQbL9nZk/ v [I] (US sl derog 俚, 贬) stare or gape inquisitively （好奇地） 注视, 张望. rubber-neck n. person who does this, esp a tourist or sightseer （好奇地）东张西望的人（尤指旅 游者或观光者）. rubbish / 5rQbIF; `rQbIF/ n [U] 1 waste or worthless material 垃圾; 废物: The dustmen haven't collected the rubbish yet. 清洁工人还没把垃圾收走. * [attrib 作定语] a `rubbish dump/heap/tip 垃 圾场[堆/倾倒处] * a `rubbish bin 垃圾箱. 2 (derog 贬) (often used as an interj 常用作感叹语) worthless ideas, etc; nonsense 无聊的想法等; 胡说: His book is (a load of) rubbish. 他的书简直是 废话（连篇）. * Don't talk rubbish! 别胡说八道! * What he says is all rubbish. 他满口胡言. rubbish v. [Tn] (Brit or Austral sl 英或澳, 俚) criticize (sb/sth) contemptuously; treat as worthless 贬损（某人[某事物]）; 把...看得一文不值: The film was rubbished by the critics. 影评家把这部影 片贬得一无是处. * She is often accused of rubbishing her opponents. 她经常因诋毁对手而受到指 责. rubbishy adj. (infml 口) worthless 毫无价值的. rubble / 5rQbl; `rQbl/ n [U] bits of broken stone, rock or bricks 碎石; 碎砖: a road built on a foundation of rubble 用碎石做路基修筑的道路* The explosion reduced the building to (a pile of) rubble, ie totally demolished it. 那次爆炸把那建筑物毁成（一堆）瓦砾. rubella / ru:5belE; ru`bZlE/ n [U] (medical 医) = German measles (German). Rubicon / 5ru:bIkEn; ?@ -kCn; `rubI9kBn/ n (idm 习语) cross the Rubicon => cross2. rubicund / 5ru:bIkEnd; `rubE9kQnd/ adj (fml 文) (of a person's complexion) red; ruddy （指人的肤 色）发红的, 红润的: fat rubicund cheeks 丰满红润的脸颊. rubric / 5ru:brIk; `rubrIk/ n [C] words put as a heading, esp to show or explain how sth should be done, etc 标题（尤指提示或说明做法等的）. ruby / 5ru:bI; `rubI/ n 1 [C] type of red jewel 红宝石: [attrib 作定语] ruby red 红宝石色. 2 [U] colour of a ruby; deep red 红宝石的颜色; 深红色. ruby adj. [esp attrib 尤作定语] deep red 深红色的: ruby lips 深红色的嘴唇. ruby wedding 40th anniversary of a wedding 红宝石婚（结婚40 周年纪念）. RUC / 9B: ju: 5si:; 9Br ju `si/ abbr 缩写= Royal Ulster Constabulary 北爱尔兰皇家警察. ruche / ru:F; ruF/ n gathered trimming on a garment, etc 褶饰; 褶边. ruched / ru:Ft; ruFt/ adj trimmed with gathered material (eg lace) 用褶饰材料（如花边）装饰的; 有 褶边的: a dress with ruched sleeves 袖子上有褶饰花边的连衣裙. ruck / rQk; rQk/ n 1 [C] (sport 体) (a) (Brit) (in Rugby football) loose scrum with the ball on the ground （橄榄球）自由密集争球. (b) disorganized group (of players, competitors, etc) （运动员、竞 赛者等的）散乱的一群. 2 the ruck [sing] ordinary commonplace people or things 普通人; 寻常事 物: He was eager to get out of the (common) ruck and distinguish himself in some way. 他渴望出人 头地, 在某方面与众不同. ruck / rQk; rQk/ n irregular unintentional fold or crease (esp in cloth) （非有意形成的）皱, 褶（尤 指布上的）: smooth out the rucks in the bedclothes 把床单上的褶子弄平. ruck v. (phr v) ruck up form rucks 起皱; 起褶: Thesheets on my bed have rucked up. 我床上的床 单有褶子了. rucksack / 5rQksAk; `rQk9sAk/ (also knapsack, US also `backpack) n bag strapped to the back from the shoulders, used by hikers, climbers, etc 背包（远足者、登山者等用的）. =>illus at luggage 见 luggage 插图. Cf 参看 haversack. ruckus / 5rQkEs; `rQkEs/ n (usu sing 通常作单数) (infml 口esp US) noisy disturbance; uproar 吵 闹; 争吵: cause a ruckus 引起争吵. ructions / 5rQkFnz; `rQkFEnz/ n [pl] (infml 口) angry protests; noisy argument 愤怒的抗议; 争吵; 吵架: There'll be ructions if you don't do as you're told. 你要是不照办就要吵架了. rudder / 5rQdE(r); `rQdL/ n (a) broad flat piece of wood or metal hinged vertically at the stern of a boat or ship, used for steering （船的）舵. =>illus at yacht 见yacht 插图. (b) similar piece of metal on the rear of an aircraft, for the same purpose （飞机的）方向舵. =>illus at aircraft 见 aircraft 插图. ruddy / 5rQdI; `rQdI/ adj (-ier, -iest) 1 (approv 褒) (of a person's face) having a fresh healthy colour （指人的脸）红润的, 气色好的: ruddy cheeks 红润的脸颊. 2 reddish 发红的; 淡红色的: a ruddy glow in the sky 天空的红光. ruddily adv. ruddiness n. [U]. ruddy / 5rQdI; `rQdI/ adj [attrib 作定语], adv (Brit sl euph 俚, 婉) bloody2; damned 极度的; 该死 的: What the ruddy hell are you doing? 你到底在搞什麽鬼? * He's a ruddy idiot. 他是个大傻瓜. * I work ruddy hard. 我非常努力. rude / ru:d; rud/ adj (-r, -st) 1 (of a person or his behaviour) showing no respect or consideration; impolite （指人或人的行为）粗鲁的, 粗野的, 无礼的: He's very rude/a very rude man. 他这人非 常粗野. * It's rude to interrupt. 打断别人的话是不礼貌的. * What a rude reply! 多麽粗鲁无礼的回 答! 2 (euph 婉) (of a story, etc) slightly indecent; risque （指故事等）近乎下流的, 有伤风化的: a rather rude joke 颇为粗鄙的笑话. 3 [attrib 作定语] primitive; simple 原始的; 简单的: rude stone implements 原始的石制工具. 4 [attrib 作定语] violent; startling; abrupt 狂暴的; 惊人的; 突然 的: a rude awakening to the realities of life 突然觉醒而回到现实生活中来* a rude reminder of the danger they were in 使他们突然觉察到所处的危险之事. 5 (idm 习语) in rude `health (fml or rhet 文或修辞) vigorously healthy 十分健壮的. rudely adv 1 impolitely 无礼地; 粗暴地: behave rudely 举动无礼. 2 in a primitive manner 原始地; 简 单地: rudely-fashioned weapons 原始式的武器. 3 roughly; abruptly 粗暴地; 突然地: rudely awakened by screams and shouts 突然被尖叫声和呼喊声惊醒. rudeness n. [U]. rudiment / 5ru:dImEnt; `rudEmEnt/ n 1 rudiments [pl] ~s (of sth) (a) basic or elementary principles (of a subject) （某一学科的）基础, 基本原理: master the rudiments of economics 精通经济学的基 本原理. (b) imperfect beginning of sth that is not yet fully developed 初级形态: working on the rudiments of a new idea 研究一种新思想的萌芽. 2 [C] part or organ that is incompletely developed 未充分发展的部分; 发育不成熟的器官: the rudiment(s) of a tail 未完全发育的尾巴. rudimentary / 9ru:dI5mentrI; 9rudE`mZntrI/ adj 1 existing in an imperfect or undeveloped form 未充分发展的; 发育不成熟的; 退化的: Some breeds of dog have only rudimentary tails. 有些品种 的狗尾巴只有退化的部分. 2 (derog 贬) elementary; (not more than) basic 初步的; （充其量）基 本的: I have only a rudimentary grasp of physics. 我对物理学仅有初步的了解. rue / ru:; ru/ n [U] type of evergreen shrub with bitter leaves formerly used in medicine 芸香（常绿灌 木, 叶味苦, 旧时用以入药）. rue / ru:; ru/ v (pres p rueing or ruing, pt, pp rued) [Tn] (dated or fml 旧或文) repent or regret (sth) (used esp in the expressions shown) 对（某事物）感到懊悔（尤用于以下示例）: You'll live to rue it, ie You will regret it one day. 总有一天你得后悔. * He's rueing the day he joined the Army! 他后悔 参了军! rueful / 5ru:fl; `rufEl/ adj showing or feeling good-humoured regret 表示或感到后悔的（但很看得 开）: a rueful smile 抱憾的微笑. ruefully / 5ru:fElI; `rufElI/ adv. ruefulness n. [U]. ruff / rQf; rQf/ n 1 ring of differently coloured or marked feathers or fur round the neck of a bird or animal 鸟兽颈部的羽或毛形成的彩环. 2 wide stiff frill worn as a collar, esp in the 16th century 飞边（宽而硬的皱领, 16 世纪尤为流行）. ruff / rQf; rQf/ v [I, Tn] trump (a card or a player) in a card-game （纸牌戏中）打出王牌胜（另一牌 或他家）. ruffian / 5rQfIEn; `rQfIEn/ n (dated derog 旧, 贬) violent lawless man 无法无天的暴徒; 恶棍: a gang of ruffians 一帮暴徒. ruffle / 5rQfl; `rQfl/ v 1 [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (up) disturb the smoothness or evenness of sth 弄皱或弄乱 某物: a breeze ruffling the surface of the lake 吹皱了湖面的微风* Don't ruffle my hair, I've just combed it. 别把我的头发弄乱了, 我刚刚梳好了的. * The bird ruffled up its feathers. 那只鸟竖起 了羽毛. 2 [Tn esp passive 尤用于被动语态] upset the calmness or even temper of (sb); disconcert 扰乱（某人）的情绪; 激怒（某人）: Anne is easily ruffled by awkward questions. 安妮遇到难堪 的问题很容易发脾气. 3 (idm 习语) ruffle sb's `feathers (infml 口) annoy sb 惹某人生气. smooth sb's ruffled feathers => smooth2. ruffle n. strip of material gathered into a frill and used to ornament a garment, esp at the wrist or neck 褶饰, 花边（尤用于袖口或衣领）. rug / rQg; rQ-/ n 1 thick floor-mat (usu smaller than a carpet) 厚地毯（通常比carpet 小）: a `hearth-rug 壁炉前的小地毯. 2 piece of thick warm fabric used as a blanket or covering 厚毯子: a `travelling-rug, ie for covering a passenger's knees in a car, etc 旅行毯（乘坐汽车等时, 盖住膝部 的）. 3 (idm 习语) pull the carpet/rug from under sb's feet => pull2. snug as a bug in a rug => snug. Rugby / 5rQgbI; `rQ-bI/ n [U] (also ,Rugby `football) form of football played with an oval ball which may be kicked or carried （英式）橄榄球（运动）: [attrib 作定语] a Rugby ball, club, match, player 橄榄球的球、俱乐部、比赛、运动员. =>App 4 见附录4. Rugby League partly professional form of Rugby, with 13 players in a team 联盟橄榄球（半职业性质, 每队13 人）. Rugby Union amateur form of Rugby, with 15 players in a team 联合会橄榄球（业余性质, 每队15 人）. rugged / 5rQgId; `rQ-Id/ adj 1 rough; uneven; rocky 粗糙的; 不平的; 多岩石的: a rugged coastline 多岩石的海岸线* rugged country 地势起伏的地区. 2 (esp approv 尤作褒义) sturdy; robust; tough(-looking) 强健的; 结实的; （看上去）坚强的: a rugged player 强健的运动员 * a car famous for its rugged qualities 以坚固耐用驰名的汽车 * a rugged face 健康的脸 * rugged features 刚毅的相貌. 3 not refined or gentle 粗野的; 不文雅的: a rugged individualist 无教养只 顾自己的人* rugged manners 粗鲁的举止. ruggedly adv. ruggedness n. [U]. rugger / 5rQgE(r); `rQ-L/ n [U] (infml 口esp Brit) Rugby (esp Rugby Union) football （英式）橄榄 球（运动）（尤指联合会橄榄球）. ruin / 5ru:In; `ruIn/ n 1 [U] severe damage or destruction 毁坏; 毁灭; 灭亡: a city reduced to a state of ruin by war 由于战争而遭到严重破坏的城市* The news meant the ruin of all our hopes. 这消息使我们的一切希望都破灭了. 2 [U] (a) complete loss of all one's money, resources or prospects （金钱、资财的）完全丧失; （前途的）断送: Ruin was staring her in the face. 她眼看 就要倾家荡产了. * brought to ruin by drugs 因吸毒而断送了前程. (b) cause of this 毁灭、破产等 的原因; 祸根: Gambling was his ruin. 他堕落是因为好赌. 3 [U] state of being decayed, collapsed or destroyed 破败、坍塌或毁坏的状态: The castle has fallen into ruin. 那城堡已破败不堪. 4 [C] remains of sth that has decayed or collapsed or been destroyed 破败、坍塌或毁坏之残余物; 废墟: The abbey is now a ruin. 那修道院现已成废墟. * the ruins of Pompeii 庞贝城的遗迹. 5 (idm 习 语) go to rack and ruin => rack3. in `ruins in a severely damaged or decayed condition 严重受损; 破 败不堪: An earthquake left the whole town in ruins. 那次地震过后, 全城到处是颓垣断壁. * His career is/lies in ruins. 他已前途尽毁. ruin v. [Tn] 1 cause the destruction of (sth/sb) 毁坏, 毁灭（某事物[某人]）: He ruined his prospects by carelessness. 他因疏忽大意而断送了前途. * The storm ruined the crops. 暴风雨毁坏 了庄稼. * He's a ruined man, ie has lost all his money, prospects, etc. 他已不名一文（损失了全部钱 财、断送了前途等）. * a ruined building 毁坏的建筑物. 2 (infml 口) spoil (sth/sb) 毁坏, 损害 （某事物[某人]）: The island has been ruined by tourism. 该岛毁在旅游业上了. * It poured with rain and my dress got/was ruined. 大雨倾盆, 我的连衣裙已淋得不成样子了. * You're ruining that child, eg by being too indulgent. 你把孩子宠坏了. ruination / 9ru:I5neIFn; 9ruIn`eFEn/ n [U] (cause of) being ruined 损害, 毁坏（的起因）; 祸根: Late frosts are ruination for the garden. 晚霜能冻死园中的植物. * You'll be the ruination of me! 你 早晚得把我毁了! ruinous / 5ru:InEs; `ruInEs/ adj bringing (esp financial) ruin 带来巨大损失的（尤指财务上）: ruinous expenditure 倾家荡产的花费 * (joc 谑) The prices in that restaurant are absolutely ruinous. 那家饭馆的价钱贵得能把人坑死. ruinously adv: a ruinously expensive meal, restaurant, coat 价钱 贵得令人咋舌的饭食、餐馆、大衣. rule / ru:l; rul/ n 1 [C] statement of what can, should or must be done in certain circumstances or when playing a game 规则; 规章; 规定; 条例: The rule is that someone must be on duty at all times. 按照规定, 任何时候均需有人值班. * the rules of the game 游戏规则* rules and regulations 规章 制度. 2 [C usu sing 通常作单数] usual practice or habit; normal state of things 惯常的做法;习惯: My rule is to get up at seven every day. 我习惯每天七点起床. * He makes it a rule never to borrow money. 他无论如何也不向别人借钱. * She made a rule of eating an apple a day. 她每天一定要吃一 个苹果. * Cold winters here are the exception rather than the rule, ie are comparatively rare. 这里冬 天很少有冷的时候. 3 [U] authority; government 统治; 管理: the rule of law 法治* majority rule 多数裁定原则* a country formerly under French rule 以前由法国统治的国家* mob rule, ie the state that exists when a mob takes control 暴民统治. 4 [C] straight measuring device, often jointed, used by carpenters, etc （木工等用的）尺, （常指）摺尺. 5 [C] (usu straight) line drawn by hand or printed （通常指直的）线条（手画的或印刷的）. 6 (idm 习语) as a (general) `rule (fml 文) in most cases; usually 在多数情况下; 通常: As a rule I'm home by six. 我通常六点钟到家. bend the rules => bend1. the exception proves the rule => exception. a rule of `thumb rough practical method of assessing or measuring sth, usu based on past experience rather than on exact measurement, etc (and therefore not completely reliable in every case or in every detail) （对事物）粗略但实用的估计方法 （通常指凭经验而不作精确的计量等, 故并非时时处处均可靠）: As a rule of thumb, you should cook a chicken for 20 minutes for each pound that it weighs. 凭经验估计, 每磅鸡肉应烹调20 分钟. rule(s) of the `road rules regulating the movement of vehicles, ships, etc when meeting or passing each other 交通规则. work to `rule follow the rules of one's occupation with excessive strictness in order to cause delay, as a form of industrial protest 照章工作（以严格遵守规章为名而行怠工之实的抗议 形式）. rule v. 1 [I, Ipr, Tn] ~ (over sb/sth) govern (sb/sth); have authority (over) 统治（某人[某事物]）; 管理: She once ruled over a vast empire. 她曾统治过一个版图辽阔的帝国. * Charles I ruled (England) for eleven years. 查理一世统治了（英国）十一年. 2 [Tn usu passive 通常用于被动语 态] have power or influence over (sb, sb's feelings, etc); dominate 控制或影响（某人、某人的感情 等）; 支配; 操纵: Don't allow yourself to be ruled by emotion. 不要感情用事. * She let her heart rule her head, ie acted according to her emotions, rather than sensibly. 她感情超越了理智（以感情而 不以理智支配行动）. 3 [Ipr, Tf, Cn.a, Cn.t] give a decision as a judge or as some other authority 作 出裁决或裁定: rule in favour of the plaintiff 判原告胜诉* The chairman ruled that the question was out of order/ruled the speaker out of order. 主席裁定该问题不合议事规则[裁定该发言者违反了议 事规则]. * The court ruled the action to be illegal. 法庭判定该项行动非法. 4 [Tn] draw (a line) using a ruler, etc; mark parallel lines on (writing-paper, etc) 用尺等画（线）; 在（书写纸等）上画 平行线: Do you want ruled paper or plain? 你要有格的纸还是白纸? 5 (idm 习语) rule the `roost be the dominant person in a group 为首; 主宰. rule (sb/sth) with a rod of `iron/with an iron hand govern (a group of people, a country, etc) very harshly 以高压手段[铁腕]统治（人群、国家等）. 6 (phr v) rule sth off (from sth) separate sth from everything else by drawing a line below it, round it, etc 在下面、周围等处画线将某部分隔开: rule the photographs off from the text 画线把照片与文字隔 开. rule sb/sth out (as sth) exclude sb/sth (as irrelevant, ineligible, etc) 排除某人[某事物] （因其无关、 不合格等）: That possibility can't be ruled out, ie It must continue to be considered. 不能排除这种可 能性（有待继续研究）. * He was ruled out as a possible candidate. 他已经没有可能成为候选人. ruler / 5ru:lE(r); `rulL/ n 1 person who rules or governs 统治者; 主宰者. 2 straight strip of wood, plastic, metal, etc used for measuring or for drawing straight lines 尺; 直尺. ruling / 5ru:lIN; `rulIN/ adj [attrib 作定语] that rules; prevalent; dominant 统治的; 占主导地位的; 居支配地位的: the ruling class, party, faction, etc 统治阶级、执政党、居支配地位的派别 * His ruling passion was ambition. 他一心要实现自己的抱负. ruling n. decision made by a judge or by some otherauthority 裁决; 裁定; 判决: When will the committee give/make its ruling? 委员会什麽时候做出裁决? rum / rQm; rQm/ n [U] 1 strong alcoholic drink distilled from sugar-cane juice 朗姆酒（用甘蔗汁蒸 馏制成）. 2 (US) any type of alcoholic liquor 酒. rum / rQm; rQm/ adj (-mmer, -mmest) (dated Brit infml 旧, 口) peculiar; odd 古怪的; 奇特的: He's a rum character. 他这个人真古怪. rumba / 5rQmbE; `rQmbE/ n (piece of music for a) type of ballroom dance that originated in Cuba 伦 巴舞（一种交际舞, 起源于古巴）; 伦巴舞曲: dance/do the rumba 跳伦巴舞. rumble / 5rQmbl; `rQmbl/ v (a) [I] make a deep heavy continuous sound 发出持续的低沉的声音: thunder rumbling in the distance 远方发出的隆隆雷声* I'm so hungry that my stomach's rumbling. 我饿得肚子咕咕叫. (b) [Ipr, Ip] move (in the specified direction) making such a sound 发著低沉声 音（沿某方向）行进: trams rumbling through the streets 发著辘辘声驶过大街的电车. rumble n. 1 [U, C usu sing 作不可数名词或可数名词, 后者通常作单数] rumbling sound 低沉 而连续的声音: the rumble of drums 咚咚的鼓声. 2 [C] (US sl 俚) street fight between gangs （在 街上）打群架. rumble / 5rQmbl; `rQmbl/ v [Tn] (Brit sl 俚) detect the true character of (sb/sth); see through (a deception) 察觉（某人[某事物]）的真实性质; 看穿（诡计）: He looks suspicious do you think he's rumbled us/what we're up to? 他好像起了疑心--你觉得他看穿我们[我们要干的事]了吗? rumbustious / rQm5bQstIEs; rQm`bQstFEs/ (also esp US rambunctious) adj (infml 口) cheerful in a noisy energetic way; boisterous 热闹的; 闹得欢的. ruminant / 5ru:mInEnt; `rumEnEnt/ n, adj (animal) that chews the cud, eg a cow 反刍的; 反刍动物 （如牛）. ruminate / 5ru:mIneIt; `rumE9net/ v 1 [I, Ipr] ~ (about/on/over sth) think deeply; meditate; ponder 深思; 沉思; 思索: ruminating on recent events 思考最近发生的事. 2 [I] (of animals) chew the cud （指动物）反刍. rumination / 9ru:mI5neIFn; 9rumE`neFEn/ n [U]. ruminative / 5ru:mInEtIv; ?@ -neItIv; `rumE9netIv/ adj inclined to meditate; thoughtful 好沉思的; 思考的: in a ruminative mood 在冥思苦索中. ruminatively adv: gazing ruminatively out of the window 若有所思地凝视著窗外. rummage / 5rQmIdV; `rQmIdV/ v [I, Ipr, Ip] ~ (among/in/through sth) (for sth); ~ (about/around) turn things over or disarrange them while searching for sth 翻找或搜寻某物: rummaging through (the contents of) a drawer for a pair of socks 在抽屉里（的东西中）翻找一双袜子* rummage around in the attic 在顶楼上到处寻找. rummage n. search of this kind 翻找; 搜寻: have a good rummage around 到处翻遍. rummage sale = jumble sale (jumble). rummy / 5rQmI; `rQmI/ n [U] any of various types of simple card-game in which players try to form sets or sequences of cards 拉米纸牌戏（玩法是组成套牌或顺牌）. rumour (US rumor) / 5ru:mE(r); `rumL/ n [C, U] (instance of) information spread by being talked about but not certainly true 传说; 传闻; 谣言: Rumour has it (ie says) that he was fired. 据说他给 解雇了. * There are rumours of an impending merger. 有谣传说是快要合并了. * I heard a rumour (that) he was leaving. 我听人说他要走了. rumoured (US rumored) adj. reported as a rumour 传说的; 谣传的: They bought the house at a rumoured price of 200000. 他们据说是以 200000 英镑的价格购置的那所房子. * It's rumoured that she's going to resign/She is rumoured to be on the point of resigning. 听说她打算辞职[听说她就 要辞职了]. rump / rQmp; rQmp/ n 1 [C] (a) animal's buttocks; tail-end of a bird （兽的）臀部; （鸟的）尾梢, 尾端. (b) (joc 谑) person's bottom （人的）屁股. 2 [C, U] (also ,rump `steak) (piece of) beef cut from near the rump 臀肉牛排. 3 [C] (derog 贬) small or insignificant remnant (of a larger group) 少量的或无足轻重的残余部分: The election reduced the Party to a rump. 这次选举后该党已沦为 微不足道的少数党. rumple / 5rQmpl; `rQmpl/ v [Tn] make (sth) creased or untidy; crumple 弄皱或弄乱（某物）; 使起 皱纹: rumple one's clothes, hair 弄皱衣服、弄乱头发 rumpus / 5rQmpEs; `rQmpEs/ n (usu sing 通常作单数) disturbance; noise; uproar 骚乱; 喧闹; 喧 嚣: kick up/make/cause/create a rumpus 激起[制造/引起/产生]骚乱. rumpus room ( US dated 旧) room in a private house (often in the basement) used esp for games, parties, etc; recreation room （私人住宅的）游艺室（常设于地下室）; 娱乐室. run / rQn; rQn/ v (-nn-; pt ran / rn; rAn/, pp run) 1 [I, Ipr, Ip] move at a speed faster than a walk, never having both or all the feet on the ground at the same time 跑; 奔跑: He cannot run because he has a weak heart. 他有心脏病, 不能跑. * Can you run fast? 你跑得快吗? * They turned and ran (ie in order to escape) when they saw he had a gun. 他们看见他有枪, 转身就跑. * She ran/came running to meet us. 她跑著来接我们. * I had to run to catch the bus. 我得赶快跑, 好赶上公共汽车. * She ran out (of the house) to see what was happening. 她（从房子里）跑出去, 看看出了什麽事. * The boys ran off as soon as we appeared. 我们一来, 孩子就都跑了. * He ran home in tears to his mother. 他流著泪跑回家去找妈妈. =>Usage 见所附用法. 2 (a) [Tn] cover (the specified distance) by running 跑（一段距离）: Who was the first man to run a mile in under four minutes? 谁第一个在 四分钟以内跑完了一英里? (b) [I, Tn] (in cricket) score (a run or runs) by running between the wickets （板球）击球跑动得（分）: run a quick single 击球后快跑得到1 分* The batsmen ran two. 击球员得了两分. 3 (a) [I] practise running as a sport 跑步锻炼; 跑步运动: You're very unfit; you ought to take up running. 你身体很弱, 应该练练跑步. * She used to run when she was at college. 她上大学时经常练跑步. (b) [I, Ipr, Tn] ~ (in sth) take part or compete in (a running race) （参加）赛 跑: Aouita will be running (in the 1500 metres) tonight. 奥依塔今晚参加（1500 米）赛跑. * run the mile 参加一英里赛跑* Cram ran a fine race to take the gold medal. 克拉姆在赛跑中成绩突出夺 得金牌. (c) [Tn] cause (a horse or dog) to take part in a race 使（马或狗）参加赛跑: run two horses in the Derby 让两匹马参加德比马赛. (d) [Tn esp passive 尤用于被动语态] cause (a race) to take place 举行（赛跑）: The Grand National will be run in spite of the bad weather. 尽管天气不好, 一 年一度的全国大马赛仍将举行. 4 [Ipr, Ip] go quickly or hurry to the specified place or in the specified direction 迅速地或急迫地前往某处: run across to a neighbour's house to borrow some sugar 急忙到邻居家去借些糖* I've been running around (town) all morning looking for Christmas presents. 我（在城里）跑了一上午寻购圣诞节礼物. 5 [Ipr] move forward smoothly or easily, esp on wheels 平稳地或不很费力地向前移动（尤指用轮）: Trains run on rails. 火车在轨道上行驶. * Sledges run well over frozen snow. 雪橇在冻硬了的雪上顺利滑行. 6 [Ipr, Ip] (of a ship or its crew) sail or steer in the specified direction （指船）行驶;（指船员）驾船航行: We ran into port for supplies. 我们驶进港口装补给品. * The ship ran aground. 船搁浅了. 7 (a) [I, Ipr] (of buses, ferries, trains, etc) travel to and fro on a particular route （指公共汽车、渡船、火车等）（沿规定路线）往来行 驶: Buses to Oxford run every half hour. 去牛津的公共汽车每半小时开一班. * The trains don't run on Christmas Day. 圣诞节火车停驶. * There are frequent trains running between London and Brighton. 伦敦与布莱顿之间火车班次很多. (b) [Tn] cause (buses, trains, etc) to be in service 使 （公共汽车、火车等）运营: London Transport run extra trains during the rush-hour. 伦敦运输公司 在交通高峰时间增开加班列车. 8 [Ipr, Tn.pr, Tn.p] drive (sb) to a place in a car 开车至某处; 开 车送（某人）: It's a lovely sunny day; why don't we run down to the coast? 天气多好哇, 咱们何不 开车到海边玩玩? * Can I run you (ie give you a lift) to the station? 我开车送你去车站好吗? 9 (a) Oxford Dictionary Translation memory software company ForeignDesk, Okapi Framework, OmegaT, Transolution, AidTransStudio, Cafetran, Déjà Vu (DVX), Heartsome Translation Suite, MemoQ, MetaTexis, Rainbow, SDLX, SDL, STAR Transit, Trados, SDL Trados, Wordfast, WordFisher, Similis, Open Language Tools http://www.transgood.com