TransGood-Translation memory software Trados, SDL, ForeignDesk, Wordfast, WordFisher, Déjà Vu (DVX), 译佳计算机辅助翻译软件, 雅信CAT TransGood, TransMemory, Translation Software Tools, Computer-assisted translation, computer-aided translation, CAT, machine-aided translation, Translation memory software, Terminology management software, Alignment software, Software localization tools, ?bersetzung Software, Logiciels de traduction, Software di traduzione, Traducción de Software, Mémoire de traduction, Tradu??o memória, Memoria de traducción, Memoria di traduzione, Перевод Software, ForeignDesk, Okapi Framework, OmegaT, Transolution, AidTransStudio, Cafetran, Déjà Vu (DVX), Heartsome Translation Suite, MemoQ, MetaTexis, Rainbow, SDLX, SDL, STAR Transit, Trados, SDL Trados, Wordfast, WordFisher, Similis, Open Language Tools, 翻訳ソフトウェア, 翻訳メモリ, 翻译软件 辅助翻译软件 计算机辅助翻译软件 人工智能翻译 翻译工具 专业翻译软件 翻译记忆软件 塔多思 Trados SDL WordFast 雅信CAT 翻译公司 牛津词典 Oxford Dictionary gallantry). 二等兵琼斯（因勇敢）被授予维多利亚十字勋章. Victorian / vIk5tR:rIEn; vIk`tRrIEn/ adj 1 of, living in or dating from the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) 维多利亚女王时代（1837-1901 ）的; 生活于维多利亚时代的; 始于维多利亚时代的: Victorian novels, poets, houses 维多利亚女王时代的小说、诗人、房屋. 2 having the qualities and outlook attributed to middle-class people in Britain in the nineteenth century 有十九世纪英国中 产阶级的品性及观点的: Victorian attitudes to sexual morality, ie ones stressing self-control, family loyalty, etc 维多利亚时代的性道德观（强调克己、忠于家庭等）* Victorian values, eg thrift, sobriety, hard work 维多利亚时代的价值观念和社会准则（如节俭、自制、勤勉）. Victorian n. person living in the reign of Queen Victoria 维多利亚时代的人. Pyrrhic victory / 9pIrIk 5vIktErI; 9pIrIk `vIktErI/ victory that was not worth winning because the winner has lost so much in winning it 得不偿失的胜利. victory / 5vIktErI; `vIktErI/ n (a) [U] success in a war, contest, game, etc 胜利; 成功: lead the troops to victory 率领部队走向胜利 * [attrib 作定语] victory parades, processions, celebrations, etc 胜利 的大游行、队伍、庆祝活动等. (b) [C] instance or occasion of this 胜利; 成功: a narrow, decisive, resounding victory 险胜、决定性的胜利、大胜* gain, win, score, etc a victory over one's rivals 战胜对手* Labour did not have an easy election victory in East Oxford. 工党在牛津东区选举中的 胜利来之不易. * (fig 比喻) The verdict of the court was a victory for common sense. 法庭的这一裁 断是情理的胜利. victorious / vIk5tR:rIEs; vIk`tRrIEs/ adj ~ (in sth); ~ (over sb/sth) having gained a victory; triumphant 获胜的; 胜利的: the victorious players, team, etc 获胜的选手、队等* The police are not always victorious in their fight against crime. 警方与犯罪行为进行斗争并非百战百胜. victoriously adv. victual / 5vItl; `vItl/ v (-ll-; US also -l-) [Tn] supply (sth) with food and stores 给（某部门）供应食物 及储备: victuala ship 给一艘船供应食物及储备. victualler (US also victualer) / 5vItlE(r); `vItlL/ n trader or business supplying food and stores 食物 及补给品的供应商或业务: (Brit fml 文) a licensed victualler, ie a public house keeper who sells food, spirits, beer, etc to be consumed on the premises 领有执照的酒店店主（出售食品、烈酒、啤 酒等供顾客在店堂内享用）. victuals n. [pl] (dated 旧) food and drink; provisions 食物及饮料; 粮食. vicuna / vI5kju:nE; ?@ vaI5ku:njE; vaI`kunjE/ n 1 [C] S American animal, related to the llama, with fine silky wool 骆马（产于南美, 与亚美利加驼有亲缘关系, 毛细而有光）. 2 [U] (cloth made from the) wool of thisanimal 骆马毛绒（的料子）: [attrib 作定语] vicuna jackets 骆马绒短上衣. vide / 5vIdeI, 5vaIdi:; `vi9de, `vaIdI/ v [Tn] (Latin fml 拉, 文) (used only in the imperative 仅用于 祈使句) see or refer to (a passage in a book, etc) 见, 参看（书等的某段落）. Cf 参看 infra. video / 5vIdIEU; `vIdI9o/ n (pl ~s) 1 [U] recording or broadcasting of moving pictures, as distinct from sound, by using television 电视; 电视录像; 电视广播: video in schools, ie as a teaching aid 教学用电视* amateur, commercial video 业余、商业电视* The bank robbery was recorded on video. 抢劫银行的情况有录像记录. * [attrib 作定语] video frequencies 视频 * The satellite provides a video link between the White House and the Kremlin. 该卫星提供了在白宫和克里姆林 宫之间进行电视通讯联系的渠道. 2 [C] (a) (cassette or disc containing a) recording or broadcast made by using video 录像; 录像带; 录像盘: watching, making, showing,etc videos 观看、制作、 放映...录像* The firm produceda short promotional video. 这家公司制作了短小的广告录像带. * [attrib 作定语] video shops, libraries 录像带商店、资料室. (b) [C] = video cassette recorder. video v. (pres p videoing)[Tn] record (moving pictures) on videotape or videodisc 录制（影像）: video a TV programme 录下电视节目. video cassette recorder (also video, video recorder) (abbr 缩写 VCR) device which, when linked to a television, can record and show programmes, etc on videotape or videodisc 录像机. videodisc n. [U, C] plastic disc used, like videotape, to record moving pictures and sound 录像盘; 影碟. video game game played using a home computer, etc in which the player controls images on a TV screen 电视游 戏. video nasty ( infml 口) video film showing offensive scenes of sex and violence 表现性行为和暴 力场面的不堪入目的电视片. videotape n. [U, C] magnetic tape used for recording moving pictures and sound 录像（磁）带. videotape v. [Tn] = video v. vie / vaI; vaI/ v (pt, pp vied / vaId; vaId/, pres p vying / 5vaIIN; `vaIIN/) [Ipr] ~ with sb (for sth/to do sth); ~ for sth (fml 文) compete keenly with sb (for sth); rival sb for sth 与某人（为某事物）激烈竞 争; 与某人争夺某事物: old rivals vying (with each other) for first place （彼此）争夺第一名的老 对手* Businesses vied with each other to attract customers. 各商行互相竞争以招揽顾客. view / vju:; vju/ n 1 [U] state of seeing or being seen from a particular place; fie ld of vision 观看; 看; 视野; 视场; 眼界: The lake came into view/We came in view of the lake as we turned the corner. 我们转过弯就看见那个湖了. * The sun disapp eared from view behind a cloud./A cloud hid the sun from view. 太阳被云遮住看不?　?[浮云遮住 了太阳.] * She was soon lost from view amongthe crowd. 她很快就在人 群中消失了. * The man in front was obstructing my view of the pitch. 有前面那个?说仓? 我看不见 球赛. 2 [C] what can be seen from a particular place, esp fine n atural scenery 从某处看到的东西; （尤指）自然美景, 风景: enjoying the magnificen t views from the summit, over the mountains 在群山之颠欣赏那壮丽的景色* 10 diff erent views of London, eg on picture postcards 伦敦十景（如明信片上印的） * [sin g] You'll get a better view of the pianist if you stand up. 你站起来, 就能更清楚 地看到那位钢琴家. 3 (also viewing)[C] (opportunity for a) special visual inspec tion of eg a film or an art exhibition （一次）观看（如影片或展览）: We had a pr ivate view of the jewels before the public auction. 那些珠宝公开拍卖以前我们私下看了预展.4 [C esp pl 尤作复数] ~ (about/on sth) personal opinion or attitude; thought or observation (on a subject) （个人的）意见, 态度; （对某问题的）想法, 见解: have, hold, express, air strong political views 有、持、表达、发表强硬的政治观点* oppose, support sb's extreme views 反对、支持某人 过激的看法* What are your views on her resignation? 你对她辞职有什麽想法? * We fell in with (ie agreed with) the committee's views. 我们同意委员会的意见. 5 [sing] way of understanding or interpretinga subject, series of events, etc; mental impression （理解或解释某问题的）方式, 方法; 印象: The scientific, legal, medical, etc view is that... 科学的、法律上的、医学上的...解释是... * a highly controversial view of modern art 对现代艺术极有争议的理解方法 * take a realistic, favourable, pessimistic, etc view of the problem 对该问题有实际的、好的、悲观的...印象 * This book gives readers an inside view of (ie an insigh viewfinder n. device on a camera showing the area that will be photographed through the lens （照 相机的）取景器. =>illus at camera 见 camera 插图. viewpoint n. = point of view (point). view / vju:; vju/ v (fml 文) 1 [Tn, Tn.pr, Cn.n/a] ~ sth (as sth) consider sth in th e mind; regard sth (as sth) 考虑或认为某事物: How do you view your chances of success? 你认为你 获得成功有多大把握? * Future developments will be viewed with interest. 未来的情况令人向往. * Has the matter been viewed from the taxpayers' standpoint? 这个问题是否从纳税人的立场上考虑 过? * Viewed from the outside, the company seemed genuine. 从外表上看, 这家公司倒像是真的. * The attack on the ship was viewed as an act of war. 攻击了那条船已视作战争行为. 2 [Tn] look at or watch (sth) carefully 仔细察看或注视（某事物）: view a battle through binoculars from the top of a hill 从山顶上用双筒望远镜观察战斗情况* The film hasn't been viewed by the censor. 这部影 片尚未经审查. 3 [Tn] inspect (a house, property, etc) with the idea of buying it 查看（房子、地产 等）: open for viewing between 10.00 and 12.00 4 [I] watch （以考虑购买）10 时至12 时可供查看. television 看电视: the viewing public 电视观众. 5 (idm 习语) an order to view => order1. viewer / 5vju:E(r); `vjuL/ n 1 person who views sth 观看者; 观察者: viewers of the current political scene 观察当前政治形势的人. 2 person watching a TV programme 电视观众: regular viewers of `Panorama' ｀综合节目＇的固定观众. 3 device for viewing photographic transparencies 摄影透明正片观看器: a slide viewer 幻灯式摄影正片观看器. vigil / 5vIdVIl; `vIdVEl/ n 1 [U, C] (action or period of) staying awake, esp at night, to keep watch or to pray 保持清醒（尤指夜间）; 不眠（时刻）; 守夜; 夜间祷告: tired out by long nightly vigils at her son's bedside （她）夜里长时间守护在儿子床前而疲惫不堪* hold a candle-light vigil for peace 为和平而举行烛光祈祷. 2 eve of a religious festival, esp one observed by fasting 宗教节日 的前夕（尤指斋戒的）: the Easter vigil 复活节前夕. vigilant / 5vIdVIlEnt; `vIdVElEnt/ adj (fml 文) looking out for possible danger, trouble, etc; watchful or alert 警惕的; 警戒的; 警觉的: under the vigilant eye of the examiner 在检查员警惕的目光下. vigilance / -Ens; -Ens/ n [U]: exercise constant, perpetual, etc vigilance 时刻、永远...保持警惕 * Police vigilance was eventually rewarded,eg when an arrest was made. 警方时时警戒终有所获（如 逮捕了罪犯）. vigilantly adv. vigilante / 9vIdVI5lAntI; 9vIdVE`lAntI/ n (esp derog 尤作贬义) member of a self-appointed group of people who try to prevent crime and disorder in a community （自发组织的）治安团体的成员. vignette / vI5njet; vIn`jZt/ n 1 (a) illustration, esp on the title-page of a book, but not in a definite border （无框线的）小插图（尤指书籍扉页上的）. (b) photograph or drawing, esp of a person's head and shoulders, with the background gradually shaded off 晕映照, 晕映画像（尤指半身的）. 2 (fig 比喻) short written description of sth, a person's character, etc （描述某事物、某人品性的）短文, 简 介: charming vignettes of Edwardian life 描写爱德华时代生活的精妙短文. vigour (US vigor) / 5vIgE(r); `vI-L/ n [U] (a) physical strength or energy; vitality 体力; 精力; 活 力: At 40, he was in his prime and full of vigour. 他40 岁时正年富力强. * work with renewed vigour and enthusiasm 以更加充沛的精力和热情工作. (b) forcefulness of thought, language, style, etc （思 想、语言、风格等的）力量, 气势: withstand the vigour of her protest, defence, attack, etc 抵挡 住她进行抗议、抗辩、攻击等的气势* music, poetry, etc of tremendous vigour 气势磅的音乐、 诗歌等. =>Usage at strength 用法见 strength. vigorous / 5vIgErEs; `vI-ErEs/ adj (a) strong, active or energetic 强壮的; 积极的; 有力的: avoid vigorousexercise, exertion, etc 避免强度大的锻炼、劳动等* vigoroussupporters of human rights 积极拥护人权运动的人.(b) using forceful language, etc 语言犀利的: vigorous debate, criticism, opposition, etc 有力的争辩、批评、反对等* the poem's vigorous rhythms 这首诗铿锵的韵律. vigorously adv: shake sb's hand vigorously 用力握某人的手* argue vigorously in support of sth 为 某事物奋力争辩. Viking / 5vaIkIN; `vaIkIN/ n (in the 8th to 10th centuries) Scandinavian warrior and pirate who settled in parts of N and W Europe, including Britain （8 至10 世纪的）北欧海盗（斯堪的那维亚武士, 活 动于北欧与西欧部分地区, 包括英国）: [attrib 作定语] Viking raiders 北欧海盗船. vile / vaIl; vaIl/ adj (-r, -st) 1 extremely disgusting 非常讨厌的; 可憎的: a vile smell, taste, etc 令 人厌恶的气味、味道等* use vile language 使用卑劣的语言. 2 despicable on moral grounds; corrupt 卑鄙的; 可耻的; 邪恶的; 不道德的: vile deceits, accusations, slanders, etc 可耻的欺骗、 指控、诽谤等* Bribery is a vile practice. 贿赂是卑鄙的行径. 3 (infml 口) extremely bad 极坏 的: vile weather 恶劣的天气* be in a vile temper, mood, humour, etc 脾气、心情、情绪等很坏. vilely / 5vaIllI;`vaIllI/ adv. vileness n. [U]. vilify / 5vIlIfaI; `vIlE9faI/ v (pt, pp -fied) [Tn] (fml 文) say evil or insulting things about (sb); slander 污蔑, 诋毁, 中伤（某人）; 诽谤: She was vilified by the press for her controversial views. 因她持 有异议, 新闻界对她横加挞伐. vilification / 9vIlIfI5keIFn; 9vIlEfE`keFEn/ n [U, C]. villa / 5vIlE; `vIlE/ n 1 (Brit) (usu as part of an address 通常作住址的一部分) large detached or semi-detached house in a suburban or residential district （城郊或住宅区的）单独的或部分相连的 住宅, 别墅: No 3 Albert Villas 艾伯特别墅3 号. 2 house for holiday-makers at the seaside, in the countryside, etc （海滨、郊野等的）度假居所, 假日别墅: rented villas in Spain 在西班牙的出租 的度假别墅. 3 country house with a large garden, esp in S Europe 乡村有大花园的住宅（尤指欧 洲南部的）: the Villa d'Este, ie in Italy 代斯泰花园住宅（意大利的）. 4 (in Roman times) country house or farm with an estate attached to it （古罗马时代的）附有地产的乡间宅第或庄园. village / 5vIlIdV; `vIlIdV/ n 1 (a) [C] group of houses, shops, etc, usu with a church and situated in a country district 村庄, 乡村（通常设有教堂）: [attrib 作定语] the village school, fete, church 乡村 学校、义卖会、教堂. (b) [Gp] community of people who live there 村民（总称）: The whole village knew about the scandal. 全村人都知道那件丑事了. Cf 参看 hamlet, town. 2 [C] (US) smallestunit of local government 村（最小的地方行政单位）. villager / 5vIlIdVE(r); `vIlIdVL/ n person who lives in a village 在乡村住的人. villain / 5vIlEn; `vIlEn/ n 1 (a) person guilty or capable of great wickedness 恶棍; 歹徒; 坏人. (b) (Brit sl 俚) (used esp by the police 尤为警方用语) criminal 罪犯. (c) (infml 口) mischievous rogue or rascal 淘气鬼; 坏蛋: Get off my bike, you little villain! 别动我的自行车, 你这个小淘气! 2 (in a story, play, etc) character whose evil actions or motives are important to the plot （小说、戏剧等 中的）反面人物, 反派角色, 坏人. Cf 参看 hero. 3 (idm 习语) the `villain of the piece (esp joc 尤作戏谑语) person or thing responsible for some trouble, damage, etc 惹祸的、为害的...人或事物: A faulty fuse was the villain of the piece. 毛病就出在保险丝上. villainous / 5vIlEnEs; `vIlEnEs/ adj 1 characteristic of a villain; wicked 恶棍似的; 邪恶的: a villainous plot, smile 邪恶的阴谋、狰狞的笑. 2 (infml 口) extremely bad 极坏的: villainous handwriting, weather 糟糕的笔迹、天气. villainously adv. villainy n. [U, C] (fml 文) (act of) wickedness 邪恶（行为）: capable of great villainy/villainies 能 干出极坏的事. villein / 5vIleIn; `vIl9en/ n (in medieval Europe) feudal tenant of land who was entirely subject to his lord （欧洲中世纪的）农奴（完全附属于封建领主的）. villeinage / 5vIlInIdV; `vIlEnIdV/ n [U] state of being a villein 农奴的身分或地位. vim / vIm; vIm/ n [U] (dated infml 旧, 口) energy orvigour 力量; 活力; 精力: full of vim 精力充 沛* Put morevim into your acting! 你演出时要活泼些! vinaigrette / 9vInI5gret; 9vInE`-rZt/ n [U, C] (also ,vinaigrette `sauce) salad dressing made from vinegar and oil, flavoured with herbs 香醋沙司（由醋和油制成、以香料调味的色拉调料）. vindicate / 5vIndIkeIt; `vIndE9ket/ v [Tn] (fml 文) 1 clear (sb/sth) of blame or suspicion 澄清（某 人[某事物]）受到的责难或嫌疑: The report fully vindicated the unions. 这份报告充分说明工会是 正确的. * I consider that I've been completely vindicated. 我认为已经证实了我完全无辜. 2 show or prove the truth, justice, validity, etc (of sth that has been disputed) 表明或证明（所争辩的事物） 属实、正当、有效等: Subsequent events vindicatedhis suspicions. 后来的事实表明他的怀疑有道 理. * Her claim to the title was vindicated by historians. 她说她有权得到这一头衔, 历史学家证明 此事属实. vindication / 9vIndI5keIFn; 9vIndE`keFEn/ n (fml 文) (a) [U] vindicating or being vindicated （对 所受到的责难或嫌疑的）澄清; 证实: speak in vindication of one's conduct 澄清自己的行为所受到 的怀疑* the vindication of her claim 她称有权得到的事物之业经证实. (b) [C] instance of this （对所受到的责难或嫌疑的）澄清; 证实: The result was a vindication of all our efforts. 这一结果 表明我们的一切努力是必要的. vindictive / vIn5dIktIv; vIn`dIktIv/ adj having or showing a desire for revenge; unforgiving 怀有或显 示报复心的; 不宽恕的: vindictive people, acts, urges, comments 企图报复的人们、行为、心情、 评语. vindictively adv. vindictiveness n. [U]: He withheld the letter out of sheer vindictiveness. 他扣下那封信纯粹是出于 报复心理. vine / vaIn; vaIn/ n 1 climbing or trailing plant with a woody stem whose fruit is the grape 葡萄藤: [attrib 作定语] `vine-grower 种葡萄的人* `vine leaves 葡萄叶. 2 any plant with slender stems that trails (eg melons) or climbs (eg peas or hops) 蔓生植物（如瓜藤）; 攀缘植物（如豌豆、蛇麻 草）. vinegar / 5vInIgE(r); `vInI-L/ n [U] sour liquid made from malt, wine, cider, etc by fermentation and used for flavouring food and for pickling 醋. vinegary / 5vInIgErI; `vInI-ErI/ adj 1 of or like vinegar in smell or taste 醋的; 酸的; 有醋的气 味或味道的. 2 (fig 比喻) sour-tempered; peevish 尖酸的; 刻薄的; 乖戾的. vineyard / 5vInjEd; `vInjEd/ n plantation of grape-vines, esp for wine-making 葡萄园（尤指为酿酒而 种植的）. vingtetun / 9vAnteI5\:n; 9vAn9te`En/ n [U] (French 法) = pontoon2. vino / 5vi:nEU; `vino/ n [U] (infml joc 口, 谑) wine 葡萄酒; 果酒. vinous / 5vaInEs; `vaInEs/ adj (fml or joc 文或谑) of, like or due to wine （似）葡萄酒的; （似） 果酒的; 由葡萄酒或其他果酒引起的: a vinous flavour 葡萄酒的味* sunk in a vinous stupor 酩 酊大醉. vintage / 5vIntIdV; `vIntIdV/ n 1 (a) [C usu sing 通常作单数] (period or season of) gat hering grapes for wine-making 收获葡萄酿酒（的期间或季节）: The vintage was late r than usual. 那次葡萄采收期比平常年份晚. (b) [C, U] (wine made from the) season 's harvest of grapes 一个收获季节采得的葡萄（所酿制的酒）: The claret was (of) a rare vintage, ie (of) a year when the grapes produced a claret of high quality. 这一年份的法国波尔多红葡萄酒是稀有的好酒（为所收葡萄质量好的年份酿造的）. * 1959 was an excellent vintage. 1959 年产的葡萄酒质量好. * What vintage (ie year) is this wine? 这种酒是哪 一年酿造的? * [attrib 作定语] vintage claret, port, etc 某年酿制的法国波尔多葡萄酒、葡萄牙波 尔图葡萄酒等* a vintage year for champagne 酿制香槟酒的好年成. 2 [attrib 作定语] (a) (fig 比喻) characteristic of a period in the past; classic 有过去某一时期特徵的; 经典的; 优秀的; 第一 流的: vintage jokes 传统的笑话* vintage science fiction of the 1950's 典型的20 世纪50 年代的科 幻小说. (b) (Brit) (of a car) made between 1917 and 1930 （指汽车）1917 年到1930 年之间制造的: vintage Fords 1917 年到1930 年制造的福特汽车. Cf 参看 veteran car (veteran). 3 [attrib 作定语] (infml 口)(used before proper nouns 用于专有名词前) representingthe best work of (a particular person); typical （某人）的最佳代表作的; 典型的: This film is vintage Chaplin. 这部影片是卓别 麟的最佳代表作. vintner / 5vIntnE(r); `vIntnL/ n (dated 旧) wine-merchant 葡萄酒商. vinyl / 5vaInl; `vaInl/ n [U, C] (any of various types of) tough flexible plastic, esp PVC, used for making raincoats, records, book covers, etc 乙烯基塑料（尤指聚氯乙烯）. viola / vI5EUlE; vI`olE/ n stringed musical instrument played with a bow, of larger size than a violin 中提琴. =>illus at App 1 见附录1 插图, page xi. viola / 5vaIElE; `vaIElE/ n any of various types of plant, including pansies and violets 堇菜目（包括 三色堇和紫罗兰）. violate / 5vaIEleIt; `vaIE9let/ v [Tn] 1 break or be contrary to (a rule, principle, treaty, etc) 违反, 违 背（规则、原则、条约等）: violate an agreement, oath, etc 违背协议、誓言等 * These findings appear to violate the laws of physics. 这些研究结果似乎有违物理定律. 2 treat (a sacred place) with irreverence or disrespect 亵渎（神圣的场所）: violate a tomb, shrine, etc 亵渎陵墓、圣地等.3 (fig 比喻) disturb or interfere with (personal freedom,etc) 干扰, 侵犯（个人自由等）: violate the peace, eg by making a noise 扰乱宁静的环境（如弄出噪声）* violate sb's privacy, right to free speech, etc 侵犯某人的私生活、言论自由等. 4 (fml or euph 文或婉) rape (a woman or girl) 强 奸（某女子）. violation / 9vaIE5leIFn; 9vaIE`leFEn/ n (a) [U] violatingor being violated 违反; 违背; 亵渎; 干扰; 侵犯; 强奸: act in open/flagrant violation of a treaty 公然地[明目张胆地]违反条约. (b) [C] instance of this 违反; 违背; 亵渎; 干扰; 侵犯; 强奸: gross violations of human rights 对人权的严重侵犯. violator n. violent / 5vaIElEnt; `vaIElEnt/ adj 1 (a) using, showing or caused by strong (esp unlawful) physical force 使用暴力的, 显示暴力的, 暴力引起的（尤指非法的）: violent criminals, demonstrators, activists, etc 使用暴力的罪犯、示威者、激进分子等* a violent attack, protest, struggle, etc 猛 烈的攻击、强烈的抗议、激烈的斗争* Students were involved in violent clashes with the police. 学生与警方发生了暴力冲突. * meet with/die a violent death, eg be murdered 暴力致死（如被谋杀）. (b) using, showing or caused by intense emotion 带有强烈感情的; 由强烈感情引起的: violent passions, rages, fits, etc 狂热的激情、暴怒、感情的迸发* violent language, abuse, etc 激烈的 言语、辱骂等* in a state of violent shock 在万分震惊中* He has a violent dislike of school. 他 很讨厌上学. 2 severe or extreme 厉害的; 极度的: violent winds, storms, earthquakes, etc 强烈的 风、风暴、地震等* violent toothache, pain, etc 剧烈的牙痛、疼痛等* a violent contrast, change, etc 强烈的对比、巨大的变化. violence / -Ens; -Ens/ n [U] 1 (a) violent conduct, esp of an unlawful kind 暴力行为（尤指非法 的）; 暴行: crimes, acts, outbreaks, etc of violence 暴力犯罪、暴力行为、暴力突发* the use of violence against one's attackers 用暴力还击袭击者* TV violence/violence on TV 电视中的暴力场 面. (b) great emotional intensity; violent feeling 狂热; 激情; 强烈的感情: We expressed our views with some violence. 我们激动地亮明了观点. 2 severity or harshness 激烈; 猛烈; 厉害: the violence of the gale, collision, outrage 大风、碰撞、暴行之厉害程度. 3 (idm 习语) do violence to sth (fml 文) be contrary to sth; outrage sth 违背或违反某事物: It would do violence to his principles to eat meat. 吃肉与他的原则相违. violently adv: attack, disagree, react violently 攻击、反对、反应十分强烈 * The door slammed violently. 门 砰的一声关上了. * He fell violently in love with her. 他深深地爱上了她. violet / 5vaIElEt; `vaIElEt/ n 1 [C] small wild or garden plant, usu with sweet-smelling purple or white flowers 紫罗兰. =>illus at App 1 见附录1 插图, page ii. 2 [U] colour of wild violets; bluish-purple 野生紫罗兰的颜色; 蓝紫色. =>illus at spectrum 见spectrum 插图. 3 (idm 习语) a shrinking violet => shrink. violet adj. having the bluish-purple colour of wild violets 野生紫罗兰色的; 蓝紫色的: violet eyes 紫罗兰色的眼睛. violin / 9vaIE5lIn; 9vaIE`lIn/ n stringed musical instrument held under the chin and played with a bow 小提琴. =>illus at App 1 见附录1 插图, page xi. violinist n. VIP / 9vi: aI 5pi:; 9vi aI `pi/ abbr 缩写 = (infml 口) very important person 要人; 重要人物: give sb/get (the) VIP treatment, ie special favours and privileges 给予某人[享受]重要人物的待遇 * the VIP lounge, eg at an airport, for interviews with famous people, etc 贵宾厅（如机场中的、会见著 名人士用的等）. viper / 5vaIpE(r); `vaIpL/ n 1 any of various types of poisonous snake found in Africa, Asia and Europe 蝮蛇（有毒, 产于非洲、亚洲、欧洲）. 2 (fig 比喻) spiteful and treacherous person 恶 毒而奸诈的人. viperish / 5vaIpErIF; `vaIpErIF/ adj (fig 比喻): have a viperish (ie malicious) tongue 用语恶毒. virago / vI5rB:gEU; vE`rB-o/ n (pl ~s) (fml 文) violent and bad-tempered woman who scolds and shouts 泼妇; 悍妇. viral => virus. virgin / 5v\:dVIn; `v[dVIn/ n 1 [C] person, esp a girl or woman, who has never had sexual intercourse 未发生过性行为的人; （尤指）处女. 2 the (Blessed) Virgin [sing] the Virgin Mary, mother of Christ 童贞女马利亚（耶稣之母）: [attrib 作定语] the virgin `birth, ie the doctrine that Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Virgin Mary 童贞女之子（谓耶稣由童贞女马利亚从圣灵 感孕而生的信条）. virgin adj. [usu attrib 通常作定语] (esp approv 尤作褒义) in an original or natural condition; untouched 原始的或天然的状态的; 未经触动的: virgin snow 洁白的雪* a jumper of pure new virgin wool 用纯新羊毛制的套头毛衣* virgin forest, soil, ie where cultivation has never been attempted 处女林、处女地（未经采伐、开垦的）. virginity / vE5dVInEtI; vL`dVInEtI/ n [U] state of being a virgin; virgin condition 童贞; 处女状态; 原始状况: keep/lose one's virginity 保持[失去]童贞. virginal / 5v\:dVInl; `v[dVInl/ adj (approv 褒) of orsuitable for a virgin 童贞的; 处女的; 适于处女 的: virginal innocence 贞洁. virginals / 5v\:dVInElz; `v[dVEnElz/ n [pl] square keyboardinstrument without legs used in the 16th and 17th centuries 维金纳琴（方形, 有键盘, 无腿, 见于16 和17 世纪）. Virginia / vE5dVInIE; vL`dVInIE/ n [U] type of tobacco originally produced in the state of Virginia, USA 弗吉尼亚烟叶（原产于美国弗吉尼亚州）: Golden Virginia 金牌弗吉尼亚烟 * [attrib 作定 语] Virginia cigarettes 弗吉尼亚烟叶制成的香烟. Virgo / 5v\:gEU; `v[-o/ n 1 [U] the sixth sign of the zodiac,the Virgin 室女宫（黄道第六宫）. =>illus at zodiac 见 zodiac 插图. 2 [C] (pl ~s) person born under the influence of this sign 属室女 宫星座的人. Virgoan n, adj. =>Usage at zodiac 用法见 zodiac. virile / 5vIraIl; ?@ 5vIrEl; `vIrEl/ adj (usu approv 通常作褒义) 1 (of men) having procreative power; sexually potent （指男子）有生殖力的, 性机能强的: virile young males 有生殖能力的年 轻男子. 2 having or showing typically masculine strength or energy 具有或显示刚强气概的: virile pursuits such as rowing and mountaineering 划船和登山这类富刚强气概的活动 * a virile performance of Othello 奥塞罗这一角色刚强的表现. virility / vI5rIlEtI; vE`rIlEtI/ n [U] 1 (of men) sexual potency （男性的）生殖力, 性机能: a need to prove, assert, etc one's virility 需证明、表明...自己有生殖能力. 2 typically masculine strength or energy 刚强的气概. virology / vaIE5rClEdVI; vaI`rBlEdVI/ n [U] scientific study of viruses and virus diseases 病毒学. virological / 9vaIErE5lCdVIkl; 9vaIrE`lBdVIkEl/ adj. virologist / vaIE5rClEdVIst; vaI`rBlEdVIst/ n. virtual / 5v\:tFUEl; `v[tFJEl/ adj [attrib 作定语] being or acting as what is described, but not accepted as such in name or officially 事实上的, 实际上的, 实质上的（但未在名义上或正式获承认）: Our deputy manager is the virtual head of the business. 我们的副经理是公司的实际负责人. * A virtual state of war exists between the two countries. 这两国间实际上处于战争状态. virtually / -tFUElI; -tFJElI/ adv in every important respect; almost 在各重要方面; 事实上; 实际 上; 几乎: be virtually certain, impossible, fixed, agreed 实际上已肯定、不可能、已固定、已同 意* He virtually promised me the job, ie but did not actually do so. 他已算答应把那工作交给我了 （但事实上尚未这样做）. * There's virtually none left. 实际上一个都没剩. virtue / 5v\:tFu:; `v[tFu/ n 1 (a) [U] moral goodness or excellence 美德; 道德上的优良 品性: lead a life of virtue 过高尚的生活* (esp joc 尤作戏谑语) a paragon of vir tue 美德的典范. (b) [C] particular form of this; good habit 美德; 良好的习惯: (s aying 谚) Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德. * extol, praise, etc the virtues of thrift 颂扬、赞美...节俭的好习惯. Cf 参看vice1 1. 2 [C, U] the ~ (of sth/ being sth/doing sth) attractive or useful quality; advantage 优点; 长处: This se at has the virtue of being adjustable. 这种座位的好处是可以调节. * The great virtue of camping is its cheapness/is that it is cheap. 野营的一大优点是省钱. * learn the virtue(s) of keeping one's mouth shut, ie of not always saying what one thinks 要有慎言的优点. 3 [U] (fml or joc 文或谑) chastity, esp of a woman 操守; （尤指女子的）贞操, 贞节: lose/preserve one's virtue 失去[保持]贞洁. 4 (idm 习语) by virtue of sth (fml 文) on account of or because of sth 由于或因为某事物: He was exempt from charges by virtue of his youth/of being so young/of the fact that he was so young. 他因 年幼而获得免费. make a ,virtue of ne`cessity do sth with a good grace because one has to do it anyway 做非做不可的事就痛痛快快地做: Being short of money, I made a virtue of necessity and gave up smoking. 我因缺钱, 倒也乐得把烟戒了. a woman of easy virtue => woman. virtue is its own reward (saying 谚) behaving virtuously should give one enough satisfaction for one not to expect any further reward 做好事即乐在其中. virtuous / 5v\:tFUEs; `v[tFJEs/ adj 1 having or showing moral virtue 有道德的; 品性好的; 品德 高的. 2 (derog or joc 贬或谑) claiming to have or show better behaviour or higher moral principles than others; self-righteous 自命高尚的; 自以为是的: feel virtuous at/abouthaving done the washing-up 因为刷洗了碗碟感到情操高尚. virtuously adv. virtuousness n. [U]. virtuoso / 9v\:tFU5EUzEU, -5EUsEU; 9v[tFJ`ozo, -`oso/ n (pl ~s or -si / -zi:, -si:; -zi, -si/) 1 person who is exceptionally skilled in the techniques of a fine art, esp playing a musical instrument or singing （在某艺术方面）技艺超群的人; （尤指）演奏家, 歌唱家: a cello, trumpet, etc virtuoso 大提琴、 小号等演奏家 * a jazz virtuoso 爵士乐演奏家 * great virtuosos of the keyboard 钢琴大师 * [attrib 作定语] virtuoso players 演奏大师. 2 [attrib 作定语] (fig 比喻) showing exceptional skill 表现卓越技巧的: His handling of the meeting was quite a virtuoso performance. 他掌握会议可真有 一套. virtuosity / 9v\:tFU5CsEtI; 9v[tFJ`BsEtI/ n [U] skill of a virtuoso （艺术方面的）卓越技巧: feats, displays, etc of virtuosity 高超的技艺、卓越技巧的展示. virulent / 5vIrUlEnt; `vIrJlEnt/ adj 1 [esp attrib 尤作定语] (of a disease or poison) extremely harmful or deadly （指疾病或毒物）致命的, 剧毒的: a virulent strain of flu 一种致命的流感. 2 (fml 文) strongly and bitterly hostile 恶意的; 仇恨的: virulent abuse 衔恨的辱骂 * make a virulent attack on the press 恶意抨击新闻界* a particularly virulent form of racism 不共戴天的种 族主义表现. virulence / -lEns; -lEns/ n [U]. virulently adv. virus / 5vaIErEs; `vaIrEs/ n (pl viruses) (a) simple organism, smaller than bacteria, and causing infectious disease 病毒; 滤过性病毒: the flu, rabies, AIDS, etc virus 流感、狂犬病、艾滋病等病 毒 * [attrib 作定语] attacked by, suffering from, etc a virus infection 受病毒感染. Cf 参看 microbe. (b) (infml 口) disease caused by one of these 病毒性疾病; 病毒病: There's a/some virus going round the office, ie making people ill. 办公室里流行著一种[某种]病毒性疾病. viral / 5vaIErEl; `vaIrEl/ adj of, like or caused by a virus （似）病毒的; 病毒引起的. Vis (also Visc) abbr. 缩写 = Viscount(ess). vis-a-vis / 9vi:zB:5vi:; 9vizB`vi/ prep (French 法) 1 in relation to (sth) 关于（某事物）: discuss plans for the company vis-a-vis a possible merger 洽谈公司可能合并的事宜. 2 in comparison with (sth) 和（某事物）相比: Women's salaries are low vis-a-vis what men earn for the same work. 女子 的薪水比同工种的男子低. * His salary vis-a-vis the national average is extremely high. 他的薪水比 起全国平均水平高出很多. visa / 5vi:zE; `vizE/ n stamp or mark put on a passport by officials of a foreign country to show that the holder may enter, pass through or leave their country （护照的）签证: entry/transit/exit visas 入 境[过境/出境]签证* get a Polish visa/a visa for Poland 获得波兰的签证[去波兰的签证] * renew/extend a visa, ie before it expires 续签[延长]签证. visa v. (pt, pp visaed / 5vi:zEd; `vizEd/) [Tn] mark (a passport) with a visa 在（护照上）办理签证. visage / 5vIzIdV; `vIzIdV/ n (joc or rhet 谑或修辞) person'sface （人的）脸, 面容: the funeral director's gloomy visage 殡仪员的悲戚面容. viscera / 5vIsErE; `vIsErE/ n [pl] (usu 通常作 the viscera)(anatomy 解) large internal organs of the body, eg the heart, the liver and esp the intestines 内脏（如心、肝）; （尤指）肠. visceral / 5vIsErEl; `vIsErEl/ adj 1 (anatomy 解) of the viscera 内脏的. 2 (fig fml 比喻, 文) (of feelings, etc) not rational; instinctive （指情感等）非理性的, 出于本能的: a visceral mistrust of their peace moves 对于他们争取和平的举措怀有直觉的不信任. viscose / 5vIskEUz, -EUs; `vIs9kos/ n [U] (a) cellulose in a viscous state, used in the manufacture of rayon, etc 黏胶液. (b) fabric made of this 黏胶纤维织物. viscount / 5vaIkaUnt; `vaIkaJnt/ n 1 (in Britain) noblemanranking higher than a baron but lower than an earl （英国的）子爵（高于男爵而低于伯爵）. 2 courtesy title of an earl's eldest son （对伯爵 长子的尊称）子爵: Viscount Linley 林利子爵. viscountcy / -tsI; -tsI/ n title or rank of a viscount 子爵的头衔或爵位. viscountess / 5vaIkaUntIs; `vaIkaJntIs/ n 1 viscount's wife or widow 子爵夫人或遗孀. 2 female viscount 女子爵. viscous / 5vIskEs; `vIskEs/ adj (of a liquid) not pouringeasily; thick and sticky （指液体）稠的, 黏的: viscous poolsof blood, oil, mud 一滩滩黏稠的血、油、泥. viscosity / vI5skCsEtI; vIs`kBsEtI/ n [U]. vise ( US) = vice2. visible / 5vIzEbl; `vIzEbl/ adj ~ (to sb/sth) 1 that can be seen; in sight 可见的; 看得见的: The hills were barely visible through the mist. 小山隐没在薄雾中难以看清. * This star is not visible to the naked eye. 这颗星肉眼看不见. 2 (fig 比喻) that can be noticed or ascertained; apparent 能注意到 的; 能确定的; 明显的: visible improvements, differences, changes, etc 明显的改善、区别、变化 等* speak with visible contempt, dismay, impatience, etc 说话中流露出轻蔑、气馁、不耐烦... 之意. visibility / 9vIzE5bIlEtI; 9vIzE`bIlEtI/ n [U] 1 fact or state of being visible 可见性; 明显性. 2 condition of the light or weather for seeing things at a distance 可见度; 能见度: Visibility was down to 100 metres in the fog. 大雾中能见距离已降至100 米. * planes grounded because of poor/low/bad visibility 因能见度太差[低/坏]而停飞的飞机. visibly / -EblI; -EblI/ adv noticeably 能注意到地; 明显地: visibly offended, ill, in love 看得出受 到冒犯、生病、在恋爱. vision / 5vIVn; `vIVEn/ n 1 [U] (a) power of seeing; sight 视力; 视觉: have perfect, p oor, blurred, etc vision 视力极好、不好、模糊等* The blow on the head impaire d (iedamaged) his vision. 他头部受击后损害了视力. * within/outside my field of v ision, ie that I can/cannot see from a certain point 在我的视野以内[以外]. (b) ( fig 比喻) ability to view a subject, problem, etc imaginatively; foresight and wisdom in planning 观 察力; 想像力; 远见; 洞察力: a statesman of (great breadth of) vision （很）有远见的政治家. 2 [C] (a) dream or similar trance-like state, often associated with a religious experience 梦幻, 幻象, 幻觉, 异象（常带有宗教色彩）: Jesus came to Paul in a vision. 耶稣在异象中向保罗显现. * I had/saw a vision of the end of the world. 我在梦幻中见到了世界末日. (b) (esp pl 尤作复数) thing seen vividly in the imagination 想像中的活生生的事物; 幻想: the romantic visions of youth 青年人浪 漫的幻想* conjure up visions of married bliss 悬想婚姻生活的幸福情景* I had visions of us going on strike. 我想像我们正进行罢工. 3 [C] ~ of sth (rhet 修辞) person or sight of unusualbeauty 异常漂亮的人或景象: She was a vision of loveliness. 她是个可爱的美人儿. 4 [U] what is seen on a televisionor cinema screen; picture 电视或电影上的画面; 图象: We get good vision but poor sound on this set. 这台电视机图象清晰, 但声音不好 visionary / 5vIVEnrI; ?@ -VEnerI; `vIVEn9ZrI/ adj 1 (approv 褒) having or showing foresight or wisdom 具有或显示出远见或智慧的: visionary leaders, writers, paintings, ideals 表现出真知灼见 的领袖、作家、画、理想. 2 having or showing too much imagination or fancy to be practical 空 想的; 不切实际的. visionary n. (usu approv 通常作褒义) person who has visionary(1) ideas 有远见的人; 有智慧的 人: True visionaries are often misunderstood by their own generation. 真正有远见卓识的人往往招致 同时代人的误解. visit / 5vIzIt; `vIzIt/ v 1 [I, Tn] (a) go or come to see (a person, place, etc) eith er socially or on business or for some other purpose 去或来看（某人、某处等）（ 可为社交或公事或其他目的）: No answer -- they must be out visiting. 没有人接电话 --他们准是出门了. * `visiting hours (ie when relatives and friends can see patie nts) at a hospital 医院里探望病人的时间* visit a friend, dentist,fortune-teller , etc 访友、去看牙病、去算命* Most tourists in London visit the British Museu m. 去伦敦的游客多半要去参观不列颠博物馆. (b) go or come to see (a place, an inst itution, etc) in order to make an official examination or check 去或来看（某地、某机构）（为视察 或检查）: The school inspector is visiting next week. 督学下周要来视察. * The restaurant is visited regularly by public health officers. 这个餐馆有公共卫生部门官员定期前来检查. 2 [I, Tn] stay temporarily at (a place) or with (a person) 在（某地或某人处）逗留: We don't live here, we're just visiting. 我们不住在这里, 只是短期停留. * Owls visited the barn to rest. 猫头鹰飞落在谷仓处. * I'm going to visit my aunt for a few days. 我打算去姑妈家住几天. 3 [Ipr] ~ with sb (US infml 口) visit sb, esp for an informal talk or chat 去某人处（尤指为闲谈或聊天）: Please stay and visit with me for a while. 请呆上一会儿跟我聊聊. =>Usage 见所附用法. 4 [Tn.pr] ~ sth on/upon sb/sth (arch 古) inflict punishment, etc on sb/sth 对某人[某事物]进行惩罚等: visit the sins of the fathers upon the children, ie make the children suffer for their parents' failings 使子女因父母之过错而受惩 罚. visit n. 1 ~ (to sb/sth) (from sb/sth) act or period of visiting; temporary stay 来或去见某人或到某 处访问; 参观; 游览; 逗留: It was his first visit to his wife's parents. 那是他第一次去看望岳父和 岳母. * pay a visit to a friend, a doctor, a prospective customer, etc 访友、去看病、去见客户洽谈 生意* be, come, go on a visit to the seaside 在、来、去海滨游玩* the Queen's state visit (ie made for official or political reasons) to China 女王对中国的国事访问* regular visits from the landlord 房东经常登门. 2 (US infml 口) chat or talk 聊天; 谈话: We had a nice visit on the phone. 我们在 电话里谈得很高兴. visiting card (US `calling card) small card with one's name, address, company, etc printed on it, which one leaves with clients or social acquaintances 名片; 名刺. visiting professor professor who teaches for a fixed period at another (esp foreign) university or college 客座教授（在本 校外的, 尤指国外的, 大专院校任教一固定阶段的教授）. visit NOTE ON USAGE 用法: We can visit (US visit with) or go to see someone at home or at work. 去见在家中的或在工作处的某人可以说visit （用美式英语则说visit with）, ?部伤礸o to see. *Come/Go and stay is used in informal English for a longer visit at somebody's house *come/go and stay 是口语说法, 指到某人家里呆上一段时间: Come and stay with us soon. 快来我们这里住些日子吧. * I'm hoping to go and stay with my cousin Tom over Christmas. 我希望到我表哥汤姆那儿去过圣诞节. We call on someone for an official purpose 因公 事去见某人可以说call on: A representative of the company will call on you to assess the damage. 公 司的代表将前往贵处评估受损失的状况. We call in on a friend for a short time, often when we are on our way to somewhere else *call in on 常指在前往某处的途中顺便到友人处短暂停留: We could call in on Patrick on the way to your mother's. 我们到你母亲家去, 不妨顺路到帕特里克家串个门 儿. More informally, we drop by at somebody's (house), drop in on somebody or (in US English) visit with somebody when we make a casual visit to friends or relations *drop by 、drop in on 或（在美式 英语中作）visit with, 这些词组更多用于口语, 指随便到亲友家作客: Let's drop in on Nick when we're in Bristol, shall we? 咱们在布里斯托尔的时候, 去看看尼克, 好吗? visitation / 9vIzI5teIFn; 9vIzE`teFEn/ n 1 ~ (of sb/sth) (fml 文) official visit, esp of inspection 正 式访问; （尤指）视察, 巡视: a visitation of the sick, ie made by a clergyman as part of his duties 对 病人的探视（尽牧师之职）. 2 ~ (from sb/sth) (infml 口) visit, esp a prolonged or an unwelcome one 来访（尤指久呆不走或不受欢迎的）: We had sundry visitations from the Tax Inspector. 税务检查 员常来我们这里, 不胜其烦. 3 ~ (of sth) (fml 文) trouble or disaster considered as a punishment from God （视为上帝惩罚的）灾祸, 灾难: The famine was a visitation of God for their sins. 那次 饥荒算是上帝对他们罪孽的惩罚. visitor / 5vIzItE(r); `vIzItL/ n ~ (to sb/sth) (from sb/sth) 1 (a) one who visits a person or place 来或 去见某人或到某处的人; 访问者; 参观者: The old lady never has/gets any visitors. 从来没有人来 探望这个老太太. * She was a frequent visitor to the gallery. 她经常参观这个美术馆. * visitors from the insurance company 从保险公司来的人. (b) person who stays temporarily at a place or with a person 游客; 宾客: Rome welcomes millions of visitors each year. 罗马每年要接待数以百万计 的游客. 2 migratory bird that lives in an area temporarily or at a certain season 候鸟: summer/winter visitors to British shores 夏季[冬季]飞到英国海岸的候鸟. visitors' book book in which visitors write their names, addresses and sometimes comments, eg at a hotel or place of public interest 来客登记簿; 来宾留言簿. visor / 5vaIzE(r); `vaIzL/ n 1 moving part of a helmet, used to cover and protect the face （头盔的） 面甲, 面罩: The motor-cyclist raised/lowered his visor. 那个骑摩托车的人把面甲往上托[向下拉]. 2 (a) projecting piece of plastic, stiffened cloth, etc worn above the eyes to shield them from the sun 遮阳帽舌. (b) similar object forming the projecting front part of a cap; peak 帽舌. =>illus 见插图. vista / 5vIstE; `vIstE/ n (fml 文) 1 view as seen between long rows of trees, buildings, etc 从长长 的两排树木、建筑物等中间望过去的景色: This street offers a fine vista of the cathedral. 这条街的 尽头是个大教堂, 远远望去非常好看. 2 (fig 比喻) long series of scenes, events, etc that one can look back on or forward to 回顾或展望的一连串情景、事情等: This discovery opens up new vistas of research for biologists. 这一发现为生物学家展示了新的研究前景. visual / 5vIVUEl; `vIVJEl/ adj concerned with or used in seeing 视觉的; 用于视觉的: visual images, effects, etc 视觉图象、效果等* the visual arts, ie painting, cinema, theatre, etc 视觉艺术（绘画、 电影、戏剧等）* visual humour, ie humour that depends on actions rather than words for its effect 视觉幽默（依靠动作而不依靠言语产生幽默效果）* Her designs have a strong visual appeal. 她 的设计在视觉上很有感染力. * a good visual memory, ie ability to remember what one sees 良好的 视觉记忆力. visualize, visualise / -aIz; -9aIz/ v [Tn, Tsg, Cn.n/a] ~ sb/sth (as sth) form a mental picture of sb/sth 想像或设想某人[某事物]: I remember meeting him but I just can't visualize him. 我记得我见过他, 可就是想不起他的样子了. * I can't visualize myself ever getting married. 我不能想像我有朝一日 能结婚. * Tom visualized the house as a romantic ruin. 汤姆把那所房子想像成有传奇色彩的废墟. visualization, visualisation / 9vIVUElaI5zeIFn; ?@ -lI5z-; 9vIVJElI`zeFEn/ n [U]: powers of visualization 想像力. visually / 5vIVUElI; `vIVJElI/ adv 1 in seeing 在视觉上: visually handicapped, ie blind or nearly blind 有视觉障碍的（瞎的或几乎瞎的）. 2 in appearance 外观上; 表面上: Visually, the decor was very striking. 这个房间的装饰看上去非常醒目. visual aid ( esp pl 尤作复数) picture, film, video, etc used as a teaching aid 直观教具. visual display unit (abbr 缩写 VDU) device resembling a TV screen, connected to a computer, etc, on which data can be displayed from the computer or fed in, eg by a keyboard or light pen （计算机等的）视频显示器. vital / 5vaItl; `vaItl/ adj 1 [attrib 作定语] connected with or essential to life 与生命有关的; 维持 生命所必需的: The heart performs a vital bodily function. 心脏起著维持生命的重要作用. * He was wounded in a vital part of his anatomy, eg the lungs, brain. 他身体的要害部分受了伤（如肺部、 大脑）. * (fig 比喻) The vital spark that would have brought the play to life was missing. 那出戏缺少 的是可使之画龙点睛的生气. 2 ~ (to/for sth) essential to the existence, success, or operation of sth （对某事物的存在、成功或运作）极重要的, 必不可少的: vital information, research, legislation 极其重要的信息、研究、法规* a vital clue to the killer's identity 有关杀人犯身分的重大线索 * The police perform a vital role in our society. 警察在我们的社会中起著极其重要的作用. * It is absolutely vital that the matter is kept secret. 这件事要保密, 这是至关重要的. 3 (approv 褒) energetic or lively; dynamic 精力充沛的; 有活力的; 生气勃勃的: She's a very vital sort of person. 她是个精力旺盛的人. vitally / 5vaItElI; `vaItlI/ adv extremely 极端地: vitallyimportant, necessary, etc 极其重要、必要 等* We are vitallyconcerned to win public support. 我们对赢得公众的支持极为关注. the vitals n. [pl] (dated or joc 旧或谑) important organs of the body 身体的重要器官: Fear gripped (at) my vitals. 我内心极为恐惧. * She kneed her attacker in the vitals (ie in the genitals) and ran away. 她用膝盖撞那个袭击者的要害部位（生殖器）, 然后跑掉了. vital statistics 1 statistics relating to population figures or births, marriages and deaths 生命统计, 人口动态统计 （人口数字或出生、婚姻、死亡的统计）. 2 (Brit infml 口) measurements of a woman's bust, waist and hips 女子三围尺寸（胸围、腰围、臀围）. vitality / vaI5tAlEtI; vaI`tAlEtI/ n [U] 1 persistent energy; liveliness or vigour 活力; 精力; 元气: The dog was bouncing with health and vitality. 那条狗又壮实又活跃, 欢蹦乱跳的. * The ballet sparkled with vitality. 那场芭蕾舞演得生动活泼. 2 (fig 比喻) (of institutions, etc) ability to endure or continue functioning （指机构等）维持生存或继续发挥作用的能力, 生命力: The vitality of the movement is threatened. 这个运动的生命力岌岌可危. vitamin / 5vItEmIn; ?@ 5vaIt-; `vaItEmIn/ n any of a numberof organic substances which are present in certain foods and are essential to the health of humans and other animals 维生素: vitamin A, B, C, etc 维生素A、 B、 C 等* Pork is rich in vitamin B1. 猪肉里含有丰富的维生素B1. * [attrib 作 定语] `vitamin pills 维生素丸* one's daily vitamin requirements 每日所需之维生素 * Vitamin deficiency can cause illnesses, eg scurvy, rickets. 缺乏维生素能引起疾病（如坏血病、佝偻病）. vitaminize, vitaminise / 5vItEmInaIz; ?@ 5vaIt-; `vaItEmE9naIz/ v [Tn] add vitamins to (a food) 将 维生素加入（食物）中. vitiate / 5vIFIeIt; `vIFI9et/ v [Tn] (fml 文) 1 weaken or spoil the quality or efficiency of (sth) 削弱 或损害（某事物）的性质或效能; 使（某物）变质; 败坏（某物）: the vitiated atmosphere of our polluted inner cities 我们市中心区受到污染的恶浊的空气* The serum is vitiated byexposure to the air. 血清暴露在空气中已变质. 2 weakenthe force of (sth); make ineffective 削弱（某事物）的 力量; 使无效: vitiate a claim, contract, theory 使权利要求、合同、理论无效. vitiation / 9vIFI5eIFn; 9vIFI`eFEn/ n [U]. viticulture / 5vItIkQltFE(r), 5vaIt-; `vItI9kQltFL, `vaIt-/ n [U] (science or practice of the) growing of grapes, esp for use in wine-making 葡萄栽培（尤指为酿酒的）; 葡萄栽培学; 葡萄栽培术. vitreous / 5vItrIEs; `vItrIEs/ adj (a) having a glass-like texture or finish 有玻璃般的质地或表层的; 玻璃状的; 玻璃质的: vitreous enamel, china, porcelain, etc 玻化搪瓷、瓷、瓷料等. (b) (of rocks) hard and shiny like glass （指岩石）如玻璃般坚硬光亮的. vitrify / 5vItrIfaI; `vItrE9faI/ v (pt, pp -fied) [I, Tn esp passive 尤用于被动语态] (cause sth to) be changed into a glass-like substance, esp by heat （使某物）呈玻璃状（尤指通过加热）: vitrified glazes, eg on ceramics 呈玻璃状的釉料（如制陶工艺的）. vitrifaction / 9vItrI5fAkFn;9vItrE`fAkFEn/, vitrification / 9vItrIfI5keIFn; 9vItrEfE`keFEn/ns [U]. vitriol / 5vItrIEl; `vItrIEl/ n [U] 1 (dated 旧) sulphuric acid or any of its salts 硫酸; 硫酸盐; 矾: blue vitriol,ie copper sulphate 胆矾（五水硫酸铜）. 2 (fig 比喻) savagely hostile comments or criticism 深怀敌意的评语或批评: His attack on the government was pure vitriol. 他纯粹出于恶意 抨击政府. vitriolic / 9vItrI5ClIk; 9vItrI`BlIk/ adj savagely and bitterlyhostile 深怀敌意的; 恶意的: vitriolic criticism, attacks, etc 恶意的批评、攻击等* We deplore the vitriolic nature of his remarks. 他言语 中敌意昭彰, 我们深感遗憾. in vitro / 9In5vi:trEU; In`vitro/ (Latin 拉) (biology 生) (of the fertilization of an egg) by artificial means outside the body of the mother （指卵子受精）在母体外（人工授精）: ,in vitro fertili`zation 体外受精* an egg fertilized in vitro 体外受精的卵子. vitro => in vitro. vituperate / vI5tju:pEreIt; ?@ vaI5tu:-; vaI`tupE9ret/ v [I,Ipr] ~ (against sb/sth) (fml 文) use abusive languageor bitter criticism; revile sb/sth 责骂; 斥责; 辱骂某人[某事物]: The prince vituperated against the developers for ruining London's skyline. 王子斥责土地开发商破坏了伦敦市建筑物映 在空中的轮廓线之美. vituperation / vI9tju:pE5reIFn; ?@ vaI9tu:-; vaI9tupE`reFEn/ n [U] (fml 文) abusive language or bitter criticism 责骂; 斥责; 辱骂. vituperative / vI5tju:pErEtIv; ?@ vaI5tu:pEreItIv; vaI`tupE9retIv/ adj: vituperative debate, criticism, etc 辱骂式的辩论、批评等. viva / 5vaIvE; `vaIvE/ n (Brit infml 口) = viva voce. viva voce / 9vaIvE 5vEUsI, 5vEUtFI; `vaIvE`vosI/ (also Brit infml 英式口语作 viva) n oral examination, esp in universities 口试（尤指大学的）: have, get, take, etc a viva (voce) 参加口试. viva voce adj, adv of a viva voce examination; oral(ly) 口试（的）; 口头（的）. vivace / vI5vB:tFI; vI`vBtFI/ adv (music 音) (to be played, sung, etc) in a brisk lively manner （演 奏、歌唱等）轻快活泼地. vivacious / vI5veIFEs; vaI`veFEs/ adj (approv 褒) (esp of a woman) lively or high-spirited （尤指女 子）活泼的, 快活的: bubbly and vivacious blonde seeks fun-loving gent, eg as an advertisement in a `lonely hearts' column 热情活泼金发女郎徵求喜爱娱乐的男子（如报刊上徵求异性朋友专栏字 样）* She gave a vivacious laugh. 她爽朗地笑了起来. vivaciously adv. vivacity / vI5vAsEtI; vaI`vAsEtI/ (also vivaciousness) n [U]. qui vive / 9ki: 5vi:v; 9ki `viv/ (idm 习语) on the qui `vive watching for sth to happen; alert; watchful 注视某事物发生; 警惕著; 注意著. modus vivendi / 9mEUdEs vI5vendi:; `modEsvI`vZndi/ (Latin 拉) 1 temporary practical arrangement by which people who are opposed or quarrelling can continue to live or work together while waiting for their dispute to be settled （争持期间的）暂时解决办法: We managed to achieve a kind of modus vivendi. 我们设法达成了某种临时的妥协. 2 way of living or coping 生活方式; 处理方法. vivid / 5vIvId; `vIvId/ adj 1 (of light or colour) strong and bright; intense （指光线或颜色）鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 强烈的: a vivid flash of lightning 耀眼的闪电* vivid green trousers 鲜绿色的裤子. 2 (of a mental faculty) creating ideas, etc in a lively or an active way （指头脑）活跃的, 富有创造性 的: a vivid memory, imagination, etc 犹新的记忆、活跃的想像力. 3 producing strong clear pictures in the mind 在头脑中产生清晰图像的: a vivid description, recollection, dream 生动的描 述、清晰的回忆、清楚的梦* The incident left a vivid impression on me. 那件事给我留下了深 刻的印象. vividly adv. vividness n. [U]. viviparous / vI5vIpErEs; ?@ vaI-; vaI`vIpErEs/ adj (biology 生) (of most mammals) having offspring that develop within the mother's body, ie that do not hatch from eggs （指大多哺乳类动物）胎生的. vivisection / 9vIvI5sekFn; 9vIvE`sZkFEn/ n (a) [U] practice of performing surgical experiments on live animals for scientific research 活体解剖: [attrib 作定语] the anti-vivisection lobby 为反对活体 解剖而游说议员的团体. (b) [C] act or instance of this 活体解剖. vivisectionist / -FEnIst; -FEnIst/ n (a) person who performs vivisections 作活体解剖者. (b) person who considers vivisection is justifiable 主张活体解剖的人. joie de vivre / 9VwB: dE 5vi:vrE; 9VwBdE`vivr/ (French 法) cheerful enjoyment of life 生活的乐趣: full of joie de vivre 充满生活乐趣. vixen / 5vIksn; `vIksn/ n 1 female fox 雌狐. 2 (esp dated 尤作旧) bad-tempered quarrelsome woman 泼妇: a real little vixen 一个不折不扣的泼妇. vixenish / 5vIksEnIF; `vIksnIF/ adj: her nasty, vixenish ways 她那泼妇般的凶相. viz / vIz; vIz/ abbr 缩写= (often read out as namely 通常读作namely) that is to say; in other words (Latin videlicet) 即, 就是（源自拉丁文videlicet）: these three persons, viz landlord, lessee and tenant... 上述三人, 即房东、承租人、房客.... viz NOTE ON USAGE 用法: The abbreviations viz, ie and eg are mostly used in formal o r technical English. * viz 、 ie、 eg 这三个缩略词多用于较郑重的或科技的文体中. In speech and when reading a written text aloud we usually say namely, that is (to say) and for example respectively 在讲话或读文稿时, 这三个词分别读作namely 、that is (to say) 、for example. *Viz (or namely) is used to expand or specify what has already been said *viz （或namely ）用以补充或具 体说明前面已经提到的事物: There are three major advantagesof the design, viz/namely cheapness, simplicity and availability. 这种设计有三大优点, 即价廉、简便、实用. * I want to talk today about a major threat facing our society, namely AIDS. 我今天要讲的是我们社会面临的一大危害, 就是艾滋病. We use ie (or that is) to explain an unclear statement or word by rephrasing it *ie （或that is）的用法是通过重新措辞来解释一个不清楚的说法或词语: He admitted being `economical with the truth' (ie lying). 他承认他｀简化了事实真相＇（即说了谎）. In this dictionary we often use ie and eg after examples to give further explanation of the meaning of those examples. 在本词典中, 常在示 例后用 ie 和 eg 进一步解释示例的含义. vizier / vI5zIE(r); vI`zIr/ n (esp formerly) high-ranking officials in some Muslim countries （尤指旧 时）维齐（某些穆斯林国家的高级官员）: the grand vizier, eg of the old Turkish empire 大维齐（旧 时土耳其帝国的）. vocabulary / vE5kAbjUlErI; ?@ -lerI; vE`kAbjE9lZrI/ n 1 [C] total number of words that make up a language （一种语言的）词汇, 字汇. Cf 参看lexicon. 2 [C, U] (body of) words known to a person or used in a particular book, subject, etc; lexis （某人掌握的或某书、某学科等中使用的）词汇, 词 汇层: a wide, limited, colourful, etc vocabulary 宽泛的、有限的、丰富多彩的...词汇* Tim has an average (level of) vocabulary for a 3-year-old. 蒂姆掌握了相当于3 岁孩子的平均词汇（量）. * an active vocabulary, ie words one recognizes and can use 积极词汇（个人认识并能使用的全部的词） * a passive vocabulary, ie words one recognizes only 消极词汇（个人认识但不会使用的全部的词） * enrich, increase, extend, etc one's vocabulary 丰富、增加、扩大...自己的词汇量. 3 (also infml 口语作 vocab / 5vEUkAb;`vokAb/) [U, C] list of words with their meanings, esp one which accompanies a textbook in a foreign language （注有释义的）词汇表（尤指外语教科书所附的）. Cf 参看 glossary. vocal / 5vEUkl; `vokl/ adj 1 [usu attrib 通常作定语] of, for or uttered by the voice 嗓音的; 适于 嗓音的; 用口语表达的: the vocal organs, ie the tongue, lips, vocal cords, etc 发音器官（舌、唇、声 带等）* The cantata has a difficult vocal score. 这个康塔塔有个难度很大的声乐总谱. * Callas's vocal range was astonishing. 卡拉斯的音域宽得惊人. 2 expressing one's opinions or feelings freely in speech; outspoken 用言语自由表达意见或感情的; 直言的: vocal criticism, support 坦率 的批评、支持* We were very vocal about our rights. 我们直言不讳表达了我们应有的权利. * The protesters are a small but vocal minority. 抗议的人虽然人数少, 但却是直言的少数. vocal n. (often pl 常作复数) sung part of a piece of jazz or pop music （爵士乐或流行音乐的）歌 唱部分: Who was on/sang lead vocal(s) on the group's last record? 在这个乐队新出的唱片中, 领唱 的是谁? vocalist / 5vEUkElIst; `voklIst/ n singer, esp in a jazz or pop group 歌手（尤指爵士乐队或流行音 乐乐队的）. Cf 参看 instrumentalist (instrumental). vocally / 5vEUkElI; `voklI/ adv 1 in a way that uses the voice 用嗓音; 口头地. 2 freely or outspokenly 自由地; 直言地: protest vocally 直言不讳提出抗议. vocal cords voice-producing part of the larynx 声带. =>illus at throat 见 throat 插图. vocalize, vocalise / 5vEUkElaIz; `vokl9aIz/ v [Tn] (fml 文) say or sing (sounds or words); utter 说 （话）; 唱（歌）; 发声. vocation / vEU5keIFn; vo`keFEn/ n 1 [C] ~ (for/to sth) feeling that one is called to (and qualified for) a certain kind of work, esp social or religious （认为自己合于做某事的）使命感（尤指社会上的或 宗教上的）: vocations to the priesthood, ministry, etc 任牧师等的使命感* have/follow one's vocation to become a nun 奉神召当修女* Nursing is a vocation as well as a profession. 护理工作 既是职业也是救死扶伤的责任. 2 [U] ~ (for sth) natural liking or aptitude for a certain type of work （对某种工作的）天生的爱好或才能: He has little vocation for teaching. 他不是教书的材料. 3 [C usu sing 通常作单数] (fml 文) person's trade or profession 行业; 职业: find one's true vocation (in life) 找到了（一生中）真正的职业* You should be an actor you've missed your vocation, ie you are following the wrong career. 你应该当演员--你入错行了. vocational / -FEnl; -FEnl/ adj of or concerning the qualifications, etc needed for a trade or profession （关于）某职业所需的资格的: vocational guidance, training, etc, eg for students about to leave school 就业指导、职业训练（如为应届中学毕业生的）. vocative / 5vCkEtIv; `vBkEtIv/ n (grammar) special form of a noun, a pronoun or an adjective used (in some inflected languages) when addressing or invoking a person or thing （某些屈折语中的）呼格; （用作呼格的）名词、代词或形容词. vocative adj. of or in the vocative 呼格的; 呼格形式的. sotto voce / 9sCtEU 5vEUtFI; 9sBto `votFI/ adj, adv (Italian fml or joc 意, 文或谑) in a low voice, so as not to be heard by everyone 轻声（的）; 低声（的）: a sotto voce remark 轻声说出的话 * The defendant leant forward and spoke to his barrister, sotto voce. 被告探身跟讼务律师嘀咕了几句. viva voce / 9vaIvE 5vEUsI, 5vEUtFI; `vaIvE`vosI/ (also Brit infml 英式口语作 viva) n oral examination, esp in universities 口试（尤指大学的）: have, get, take, etc a viva (voce) 参加口试. viva voce adj, adv of a viva voce examination; oral(ly) 口试（的）; 口头（的）. vociferate / vE5sIfEreIt; ?@ vEU-; vo`sIfE9ret/ v [I, Tn] (fml 文) say (sth) loudly or noisily; shout 大 声地或吵嚷地说（话）; 叫喊. vociferous / vE5sIfErEs; ?@ vEU-; vo`sIfErEs/ adj loudor noisy; expressing one's views forcibly and insistently 大声的; 嘈杂的; 强行或坚持表达自己观点的: vociferous complaints, protests, etc 大声疾呼的抱怨、抗议等* a vociferous group of demonstrators 一批喧嚣的示威者. vociferously adv. vodka / 5vCdkE; `vBdkE/ n (a) [U] strong alcoholic drink distilled from rye and other vegetable products, made esp in Russia 伏特加（烈酒, 尤指俄国产的）. (b) [C] glass or drink of this 一杯或 一份伏特加: a vodka and lime 一杯酸橙伏特加. vogue / vEUg; vo-/ n [C esp sing 尤作单数] 1 ~ (for sth) current or prevailing fashion 流行的或盛 行的式样: a new vogue for low-heeled shoes 低跟鞋新潮流. 2 popular favour or acceptance 风行; 流行: His novels had a great vogue ten years ago. 他的小说十年前风靡一时. 3(idm 习语) be ,all the `vogue (infml 口) be fashionableor popular everywhere 到处流行或受欢迎. be in/comeinto `vogue be/become fashionable or popular 流行[流行起来]: Short hair came back into vogue about ten years ago. 大约十年前短发又开始流行起来了. vogue-word n. word that is currently fashionable 时髦的词: `Accountability' is the current vogue-word in politics. ｀有解释责任＇是当前政治上的流行词. Cf 参看 buzz-word (buzz). voice / vRIs; vRIs/ n 1 (a) [C] sounds formed in the larynx and uttered through the m outh, esp by a person speaking or singing 嗓音; （尤指）说话声, 歌唱声: I can he ar voices through the wall. 我听见隔著墙有说话的声音. * Keep your voice down, ie Don't speak loudly. 说话声音放低些. * recognize sb's voice 听出某人的声音 * spe ak in a loud, rough, husky, gentle, etc voice 大声地、粗声地、声音嘶哑地、柔?　?.. 说话 * He has a good singing voice, ie can sing well. 他唱起歌来声音很好听 . * raise/lower one's voice, ie speak more loudly/softly 提高[降低]嗓门* His vo ice has broken, ie become deep like a man's. 他的嗓音变粗了（变低沉, 像成年人的?耍? * Her voice shook/trembled with emotion. 她激动得声音发颤. (b) [U] ability to produce such sounds （人嗓子的）发声能力: commands given in a firm tone of vo ice 用坚定的语调下达的命令. 2 (fig 比喻) (a) [U, sing] ~ (in sth) (right to exp ress one's) opinion, etc in spoken or written words; influence （口头的或书面的?┮饧　? 发言权; 发表意见的权利; 影响: have little, some, no, a voice in the mat ter 对这件事没有什麽、有一些、没有、有意见* The workers want a voice in manag ement decisions. 工人要求在管理决策上有发言权. (b) [sing] means by which such an opinion, etc is expressed 表达意见等的方式或手段: listen to the voice of reason, experience, dissent 听取理由、经历、不同政见* Our newspaper represents the v oice of the people. 我们的报纸代表著人民的心声. 3 [sing] (grammar) contrast bet ween a sentence in which the doer of the action is subject (active) and one in w hich the person or thing affected is subject (passive) （动词的）语态: in the ac tive/passive voice 用主动[被动]语态. 4 [U] (phonetics 语音) sound produced by v ibration of the vocal cords and not with breath alone, used in the pronunciation of vowel sounds and certain consonants, eg / b, d, z/ 浊音, 有声音（发音时声带?鸲　? 如元音及 某些辅音如/ b/、 /d/、 /z/）. 5 (idm 习语) at the top of one's v oice => top1. find/lose one's voice/tongue => find1. give voice to sth (fml 文) express (feelings, worries, etc) 表露（感情、忧虑等）: give voice to one's indignation, dismay, concern, etc 表现出 愤慨、沮丧、关心等. have, etc an edge to one's voice => edge1. in good, poor, etc `voice singing or speaking as well as usual, worse than usual, etc （唱歌或说话时）声音和平时一样好、不如平时 等: The bass soloist was in excellent voice. 这个男低音独唱演员这次唱出了高水平. like, etc the sound of one's own voice => sound2. make one's `voice heard express one's feelings, opinions, etc in such a way that they are noticed or acted on （为使他人注意或采取行动）表达感情、意见等: This programme gives ordinary viewers a chance to make their voice(s) heard. 这个节目给普通观众提供 了一个发表意见的机会. raise one's voice against sb/sth => raise. the still small voice => still1. with ,one `voice (fml 文) unanimously 异口同声地; 一致地: With one voice, the workers voted to strike. 工人投票一致要求罢工. voice v. [Tn] 1 express (feelings, etc) in words 用言语表达（情感等）: A spokesman voiced the workers'dissatisfaction. 发言人表示了工人的不满情绪. 2 (phonetics 语音) utter (a sound) with voice (4) 发（浊音）: voiced consonants, eg / d, v, z/ 浊辅音（如/ d/、 /v/ 、 /z/）. -voiced ( forming compound adjs 用以构成复合形容词) having a voice of the specified kind 有某 种嗓音的: loud-voiced 嗓门大的 * gruff-voiced 声音粗哑的. voiceless adj. (phonetics 语音) (of a sound) uttered without voice(4) （指语音）清音的: The consonants t, f and s are voiceless. t、 f、 s 这三个辅音是清辅音. voice-box n. = larynx. voice-over n. narration (eg in a film) by a speaker who is not seen 解说, 画外音（如电影的）. void / vRId; vRId/ n (usu sing 通常作单数) (fml or rhet 文或修辞) empty space; vacuum 空间; 真 空: the blue void we call the sky 我们称之为天空的蔚蓝色空间 * (fig 比喻) an aching void left by the death of her child 她孩子死后留下的痛苦的空虚感. void adj. (fml 文) 1 empty; vacant 空的; 空著的; 空虚的. 2 [pred 作表语] ~ of sth without sth; lacking sth 没有某事物; 缺乏某事物: Her face was void of all interest. 她面部表情显得对什 麽都不感兴趣. Cf 参看 devoid. 3 (idm 习语) null and void => null. void v. [Tn] 1 (law 律) make (sth) not legally binding 使（某物）无效的. 2 (fml 文) empty the contents of (one's bowels or bladder) 排泄, 排放（大便或小便）. voile / vRIl; vRIl/ n [U] thin semi-transparent material ofcotton, wool or silk 巴里纱（由棉、毛或丝 织成, 半透明）. vol abbr. 缩写= 1 (pl vols) volume: an edition in 3 vols 三卷本的版本* Complete Works of Byron Vol 2 《拜伦全集》第2 卷. 2 volume: vol 125ml, eg on a container 容量125 毫升（如容 器上的标记）. vol-au-vent / 5vClEvB:N; 9vRlo`vBN/ n small light case of puff pastry filled with meat, fish, etc in a rich sauce 酥皮合子（用肉、鱼等加浓汁作馅的糕点）. sal volatile / 9sAl vE5lAtElI; 9sAl vE`lAtl9I/ n [U] sharp-smelling solution of ammonium carbonate given to sb to sniff if he is faint or unconscious; smelling-salts 碳酸铵水; 挥发盐; 嗅盐. volatile / 5vClEtaIl; ?@ -tl; `vBlEtl/ adj 1 (of a liquid) changing rapidly into vapour （指液体）易 挥发的. 2 (espderog 尤作贬义) (of a person) changing quickly from one mood or interest to another; fickle （指人）情绪或兴趣多变的, 无常性的: a highly volatile personality, disposition,nature, etc 反覆无常的个性、性情、天性等. 3 (of trading conditions, etc) likely to change suddenly or sharply; unstable （指商情等）很可能急剧波动的, 不稳定的: volatile stock-markets, exchange rates 不稳定的股市、汇率* a volatile political situation, eg one that could lead to a change of government 动荡不定的政局. volatility / 9vClE5tIlEtI; 9vBlE`tIlEtI/ n [U]. volcano / vCl5keInEU; vBl`keno/ n (pl ~es) mountain or hill with an opening or openings through which lava, cinders, gases, etc come up from below the earth's surface (an active volcano), may come up after an interval (a dormant volcano), or have ceased to come up (an extinct volcano) 火山（an active volcano 为活火山, a dormant volcano 为休眠火山, an extinct volcano 为死火山）. =>illus 见 插图. volcanic / vCl5kAnIk; vBl`kAnIk/ adj [esp attrib 尤作定语] of, from or like a volcano （似）火山 的; 来自火山的: volcanic eruptions, gases, etc 火山的喷发、气体等 *(fig 比喻) The French Revolution was a volcanic upheavalin European history. 法国大革命是欧洲历史上的火山爆发 vole / vEUl; vol/ n small animal resembling a rat or mouse and living in hedgerows, river-banks, etc 田鼠: a `water-vole, ie a large water-rat 水鼠. =>illus at App 1 见附录1 插图, page iii. volition / vE5lIFn; ?@ vEU-; vo`lIFEn/ n (fml 文) 1 [U] act of using one's will in choosing, making a decision, etc （按自己的意愿做出的）选择、决定等. 2 (idm 习语) of one's own vo`lition without being forced; voluntarily 出于本人意愿; 自愿地: She left entirely of her own volition. 她完 全是自愿离开的. volitional / -FEnl; -FEnl/ adj: a volitional act 自愿的行动. volley / 5vClI; `vBlI/ n 1 (a) simultaneous throwing or firing of a number of stones, bullets, etc （石 块、子弹等的）齐投, 齐射: Police fired a volley (ie of plastic bullets) over the heads of the crowd. 警察朝人群上方射出一排（塑料）子弹. (b) stones, bullets, etc thrown or fired in this way （齐投或 齐射出的）石块、子弹等: He was hit by a volley of snowballs. 他让一齐投来的雪球给击中了. Cf 参看 salvo. 2 (fig 比喻) number of questions, insults, etc directed at sb together or in quick succession （质问、辱骂等的）齐发, 连发: He let out a volley of oaths. 他像发连珠炮似的破口 大骂. 3 (in tennis, football, etc) shot or stroke in which the ball is hit before it touches the ground （网球、足球等的）截击空中球, 凌空对打, 空中传（踢）: a forehand/backhand/overhead volley, ie in tennis 正手[反手/头顶]截击（网球的）* play, return, miss, etc an opponent's volley 打、回 击、没接住...对手截击过来的球* kick a ball on the volley 踢凌空球. volley v. 1 [I] fire (guns) in a volley （枪或炮）齐发. 2 [I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr] (in tennis, football, etc) hit (a ball) before it touches the ground （网球等）截击（空中球）; （足球）截踢（凌空球）: He volleyed (the ball) into the net/across the court. 他凌空一脚把球踢入球门[把球截击到球场的另一 边]. volley-ball n. game in which opposing teams of players hit a ball backwards and forwards over a high net with their hands without letting it touch the ground on their own side 排球运动; 排球（赛）. volt / vEUlt; volt/ n (abbr 缩写v) unit of electrical force, defined as the force needed to carry one ampere of current against one ohm of resistance 伏（特）（电压单位）. voltage / 5vEUltIdV; `voltIdV/ n [U, C] electrical force measured in volts 电压; 伏特数: high/low voltage 高[低]压* check the voltage of an appliance against the supply, ie before connecting it 检查 电器的额定电压与电源是否相符（然后再接通）. volte-face / 9vClt 5fB:s; 9vBlt`fBs/ n (usu sing 通常作单数) (esp fml 尤作文雅语) complete change or reversal ofone's attitude towards sth （态度的）完全改变, 大转变: Herlatest speech represents a complete volte-face in governmentthinking. 她最近的讲话表明政府观点完全改变了. voluble / 5vCljUbl; `vBljEbl/ adj (fml esp derog 文, 尤作贬义) (a) (of a person) speaking a lot; talkative （指人）喋喋不休的, 爱说话的. (b) (of speech) quick, easy or fluent; glib （指说话）快 的, 流畅的, 流利的: voluble protests, excuses, etc 振振有词的抗议、辩解等. volubility / 9vCljU5bIlEtI; 9vBljE`bIlEtI/ n [U]. volubly / 5vCljUblI; `vBljEblI/ adv. volume / 5vClju:m; ?@ -jEm; `vBljEm/ n 1 [C] book, esp one of a matching set or a seri es 书; （尤指一套或丛书中的）册, 本, 卷, 集: an encyclopedia in 20 volumes 一套??0 册的百科 全书* Volume 2 of Shaw's Complete Works is missing. 《萧伯纳全集》的 第2 卷不见了. * (fml 文) a library of over 12000 volumes 藏书超过12000 册的图书馆. 2 [U, C] amount of space (often expressed in cubic units) that a substance occupies; cubic capacity of a container 体积; 容积; 容量: The liquid was 5 litres in volume. 该液体的体积为5 升. * The jars hold different volumes of liquid/have different volumes. 这些罐子可盛的液体多少不等[容量不 同]. =>App 4 见附录4. =>illus 见插图. Cf 参看area 1. 3 (a) [U] large amount or quantity of sth 大量; 许多; 数量: the sheer volume of business, work, mail, etc 大量的业务、工作、邮件等 * The volume of protest rose/fell. 抗议事件已增加[减少]. (b) [C usu pl 通常作复数] rounded mass of steam, etc （蒸气等的）圆团: Volumes of black smoke poured fromthe chimney. 烟囱里冒出来团团 黑烟. 4 [U] (a) strengthor power of sound 音量; 响度: The TV was on at full volume. 电视机音量 已开到了最大了. * The music doubled in volume. 音乐的声音加大了一倍. * [attrib 作定语] a volume control 音量控制装置. (b) switch on a radio, etc for adjusting this 音量调节器: turn the volume up/down 把音量调大[小]. 5 (idm 习语) speak volumes => speak. voluminous / vE5lu:mInEs; vE`lumEnEs/ adj (fml or joc 文或谑) 1 (of clothing etc) using much material; loose-fitting or ample （指衣物）用料多的, 宽松的, 肥大的: wrapped in the voluminous folds of a blanket 裹在大毯子的摺层里 * voluminous skirts, petticoats, etc, eg as worn by a Victorian lady 宽松的裙子、衬裙等（如维多利亚时代女士穿的）. 2 (of writing) great in quantity; abundant （指文字）大量的, 浩瀚的: voluminous correspondence 大量的信件 * the voluminous works of Dickens, ie fillingmany books 狄更斯的卷帙浩繁的著作. voluminously adv: writing voluminously in one's diary 记了大量日记. voluntary / 5vClEntrI; ?@ -terI; `vBlEn9tZrI/ adj 1 acting,done or given willingly 自愿的; 自动的; 主动的: The prisonermade a voluntary statement. 那个犯人主动地做了供述. * Attendance is purely voluntary. 这次出席纯粹是栽傅? * Charities rely on voluntary donations/contributions. 慈善事业 依靠自愿捐赠. * The firm went into voluntary liquidation. 那家商号自动停业清算债务. working, done or maintained without payment 志愿的; 无偿的; 义务的: voluntary helpers, eg at a fete, bazaar, etc 志愿的帮手（如在义卖会、义卖场等）* She does voluntary social work. 她从 事义务社会工作. * The organization is run on a voluntary basis. 这个组织是由志愿人员管理的. * a voluntary service, institution, centre, etc 义务性的服务、机构、中心等. 3 (of bodily or muscular movements) controlled by the will （指身体活动或肌肉运动）由意志控制的, 随意的. Cf 参看 involuntary. voluntarily / 5vClEntrElI; ?@ 9vClEn5terElI; 9vBlEn`tZrElI/ adv 1 without compulsion; willingly 自愿地; 自动地; 主动地. 2 without payment; free of charge 志愿地; 无偿地; 义务地. voluntary / 5vClEntrI; ?@ -terI; `vBlEn9tZrI/ n solo playedon a musical instrument before, during or after a church service （教堂礼拜仪式前后或进行期间的）乐器独奏: organ, trumpet voluntaries 风 琴、小号独奏. volunteer / 9vClEn5tIE(r); 9vBlEn`tIr/ n 1 ~ (for sth/to do sth) person who offers to do sth without being compelled or paid 自愿的或无偿的效劳的人; 志愿者: volunteers for the post of treasurer 自 愿任财务工作的人 * volunteers to run the Christmas show 自愿操办圣诞节表演的人 * Few volunteers came forward. 没什麽自告奋勇的人. * [attrib 作定语] volunteer social workers 志愿的 社会工作人员* volunteer groups 志愿小组. 2 person who joins the armed forces voluntarily 志 愿兵; 义勇兵: [attrib 作定语] volunteer troops, forces, etc 志愿部队、志愿军. Cf 参看 conscript n. volunteer v. 1 [I, Ipr, Tn, Tn.pr, Tt] ~ (sth) (forsth) give or offer (one's help, a suggestion, etc) willingly or without being paid 自愿地或无偿地给予或提供（帮助、建议等）: She volunteered (her services) for relief work. 她自愿参加救济工作. * `Tim's busy but I'll come,' he volunteered. ｀蒂姆 很忙, 我来吧,＇他主动说道. * volunteer information, advice, financial support 自愿提供情况、意 见、资助* I volunteered to act as chauffeur. 我自愿涞逼　邓净? 2 [I, Ipr, It] ~ (for sth) join the forces as a volunteer 当志愿兵: volunteer for military service/to join the army 自愿服役[参军]. voluptuary / vE5lQptFUErI; ?@ -UerI; vE`lQptFJ9ZrI/ n (fml esp derog 文, 尤作贬义) person who seeks and enjoys luxury and sensual pleasure 骄奢淫逸的人. voluptuous / vE5lQptFUEs; vE`lQptFJEs/ adj 1 (a) giving a feeling of luxury or sensual pleasure 给 人奢华或感官享受的: voluptuous thoughts, caresses, smiles 刺激感官的想法、抚摸、微笑 * the voluptuous enjoyment of a hot bath 热水浴的舒适享受. (b) (esp derog 尤作贬义) devoted to such pleasure 耽于奢华或感官享受的: voluptuous tastes, indulgences, urges, etc 骄奢淫逸的兴味、放 纵、欲望等. 2 (approv 褒) (of a woman) having a full and sexually desirable figure （指女子）体 态丰满的: voluptuous breasts, hips, curves 丰满的乳房、臀部、曲线* Renoir's voluptuous nudes 雷诺阿作的体态丰满的裸体画. voluptuously adv. voluptuousness n. [U]. volute / vE5lu:t; vE`lut/ n 1 (architecture 建) spiral scroll-shaped ornamentation, esp at the top of Ionic columns 螺旋饰; 涡卷饰物; （尤指爱奥尼亚式柱头上的）盘蜗. 2 (biology 生) (any of the curves on a) spirally-coiled shell 涡螺壳; （螺壳上的）螺环. voluted adj. decorated with or having volutes 有螺旋饰的; 螺旋形的; 有盘蜗的: a voluted sea-shell 螺旋形的海贝. vomit / 5vCmIt; `vBmIt/ v 1 [I, Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (up) eject (food, etc from the stomach) through the mouth; be sick 呕吐（食物等）; 恶心: the noise of vomiting 呕吐声* The mixture of drinks made me vomit. 我喝了混合饮料后呕吐起来. * vomit blood 吐血* He vomited (up) all he had eaten. 他把吃下去的东西全吐了出来. =>Usage at sick 用法见sick. 2 [Tn, Tn.p] ~ sth (out/forth) (fig 比 喻) (of a volcano, etc) eject sth violently （指火山等）喷出某物: factory chimneys vomiting (forth) smoke 正在冒烟的工厂烟囱. vomit n. [U] food, etc from the stomach that has been vomited 从胃中吐出的食物等: choke to death on one's own vomit 呕吐的东西堵在喉咙里憋得要死. voodoo / 5vu:du:; `vudu/ (also voodooism) n [U] form of religion based on belief in witchcraft and magical rites, practised by blacks in the W Indies, esp in Haiti 伏都教（西印度群岛黑人中的宗教, 崇奉巫术及魔法, 尤指海地的）. voracious / vE5reIFEs; vE`reFEs/ adj 1 very greedy in eating; ravenous 贪吃的; 极饿的: a voracious eater 贪吃的人* a voracious appetite, hunger 极大的胃口、极饿. 2 (fig 比喻) very eager for knowledge, information, etc （对知识、信息等）渴求的: a voracious reader 求知欲强的 读者* voracious seekers after truth 如饥似渴探求真理的人. voraciously adv. voracity / vE5rAsEtI; vE`rAsEtI/ n [U]. vortex / 5vR:teks; `vRrtZks/ n (pl 复数作~es or, in scientific use, 科技用语复数作-tices / -tIsi:z; -tI9siz/) 1 [C] whirling mass of water, air, etc, as in a whirlpool or whirlwind （水、空气等的）涡 流, 涡旋, 旋涡, 旋风. 2 [sing] (fig 比喻) social group, profession, etc seen as sth that swallows those who approach it; whirl of activity 可将周围的人卷入的社会集团、职业等; 活动的旋涡: drawn helplessly into the vortex of society, party politics, etc 不由自主卷入社会、党派斗争等的旋 涡里. votary / 5vEUtErI; `votErI/ n ~ (of sb/sth) (fml 文) person who dedicates himself to sth, esp religious workand service 献身者（尤指对宗教事务的）: votaries of peace,disarmament, etc 致力于和平、裁 军等的人 * (joc 谑) votaries of golf 高尔夫球迷. vote / vEUt; vot/ n 1 [C] ~ (for/against sb/sth); ~ (on sth) formal expression of on e's opinion or choice eg by ballot or show of hands 表决（如投票或举手表决）: ca st/record one's vote 投票* take/hold a vote on the motion 对这项动议进行表决 * settle, decide, resolve, etc the matter by a vote 以表决方式解决、决定、解决.. .此事* a majority/minority vote 多数[少数]票* counting, sorting, checking the votes, ie papers on which votes are recorded 计算、整理、核对选票* postal vot es 邮寄的选票* The Tory candidate received/polled 8000 votes. 保守党候选人获800 0 选票. * The measure was passed/defeated by 9 votes to 6. 该议案以9 票赞成6 票反对 获得通过[以9 票反对6 票赞成被否定]. * The vote went against him/against accepting the plan. 经过表决他失败了[该方案否决了]. * a vote of confidence/censure, ie one showing the support/lack of support of the majority of voters 信任票[不信任票]. 2 the vote [sing] votes given by or for a certain group, eg at a political election 投票总数, 得票总数（如政治性选举）: attempts to win the teenage, immigrant, Scottish, etc vote 争取青少年的、移民的、苏格兰人的... 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